Indiana Ã, ( listen ) is a US state located in the Midwestern and Great Lakes region of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by region and the 17th most populous of 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was accepted in the United States as the 19th US state on December 11, 1816. Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south and southeast, and Illinois to the west.
Prior to becoming a territory, indigenous cultures of indigenous peoples and historic americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its establishment as a territory, residential patterns in Indiana have reflected regional regional cultural segmentation in the Eastern United States; the northernmost level of the state was settled mainly by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from Mid-Atlantic countries and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from Southern countries, especially Kentucky and Tennessee.
Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 341.9 billion by 2016. Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations of over 100,000 and a number of small industrial towns and small towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the NFL Indianapolis Colts and Indiana Pacers NBA, and hosts several famous athletic events, such as the Indianapolis 500 and Brickyard 400 sports events.
Video Indiana
Etymology
The name of the country means "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land". It also comes from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed a law to divide the Northwest Region into two regions and name the western part of the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed the Enabling Act to begin the process of forming statehood for Indiana, this piece of territorial land became a geographical area for a new country.
An Indiana resident is officially known as Hoosier. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, as proposed by the Bureau of History of Indiana and the Indiana Historical Society, has "Hoosier" from Virginia, Carolina and Tennessee (part of Southern Upland region of the United States). United) as a designation for carpenters, rough villagers, or villagers.
Maps Indiana
History
Aboriginal Residents
The first inhabitants of the present place are Indiana Paleo-Indians, which arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, Paleo-India is a nomadic hunter for big game like mastodon. They created stone tools made of deer with chipping, knapping and flaking. The Archaic period, which begins between 5000 and 4000 BC, encompasses the next phase of indigenous culture. People develop new tools as well as food cooking techniques, an important step in civilization. New tools include various types of spears and knives, with various forms of notches. They make stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding wheels. During the latter part of the period, they build mounds of land and middens, indicating that settlements become more permanent. The Archaic period ended around 1500 BC, though some Archaic people lived up to 700 BC. Thereafter, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where new cultural attributes emerged. During this period, people created pottery and pottery, and expanded their cultivation of crops. The early period group of Woodland named Adena has elegant funeral rituals, featuring wooden graves beneath a mound of earth. In the middle of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began to develop the trade in long-haul goods. Toward the end of the stage, people develop a highly productive cultivation and agricultural adaptation, planting crops such as corn and pumpkin. The Woodland Period ends around 1000 AD. Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 to the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, people create large urban settlements designed in accordance with their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. Settlements are concentrated depending on the agricultural surplus. One such complex is the Angel Mounds. They have large public areas such as plazas and platform bumps, where leaders live or perform rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear. The historic Native American tribes of the area at a European meeting spoke in a different language from the Algonquian family. They include Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Then they joined the refugee tribes from the eastern region including Delaware who settled in the White River Valley and Whitewater.
European exploration and sovereignty
In 1679 the French explorer Renà ©  © -Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching the current South Bend on the Saint Joseph River. He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian feather merchants soon arrived, carrying blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskeys and guns for leather trade with Native Americans. In 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715 Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami in Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, trying to control the Native American trading route from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River. In 1732 Sieur de Vincennes built the second feather trade post at Vincennes. The French Canadian settlers, who had abandoned the previous post due to hostilities, returned in greater numbers. Within a few years, the British colonies arrived from the East and opposed the Canadians to control the lucrative trade of feathers. The battle between French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.
The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with French Canadians during the French and Indian Wars (also known as the Seven Years War). With England's victory in 1763, the French were forced to surrender their entire land in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colony to the British crown.
The tribes in Indiana do not give up; they destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during the Pontiac Rebellion. The proclamation of the British Empire of 1763 set the land west of the Appalachian for use in India, and excluded the British colonies of the area, called the Indian Crown Territory. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began when the colonists sought more self-government and independence from Britain. Most of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for troops to help fight Britain in the west. The Clark army won a significant battle and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on 25 February 1779. During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who attacked the eastern colony from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War. At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crowns submitted their claims to the land south of Great Lakes into the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands.
The front
In 1787 the US defined Indiana today as part of its Northwest Territory. In 1800 Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the entire territory as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as regional governor and Vincennes was founded as the capital. After the Michigan Area is separated and the Illinois Territory is formed, Indiana is reduced to current size and geography.
Beginning with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and Treaty of Greenville, 1795, the Indian title for Indiana land was extinguished by plunder, purchase, or war and covenant. About half the country was acquired in St. Mary's Purchase from Miami in 1818. The purchase was not complete until the Mississinwas Agreement in 1826 acquired the last of the protected Indian lands in the northeast.
An Indiana border portrait about 1810: This frontier was defined by the Fort Wayne agreement in 1809, adding much ground around the southwest around Vincinnes and southeast ground adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of the US territory. Settlements are military outposts, Fort Ouiatenon to the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) to the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincinnes settlements in down Wabash, Clarksville (across Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, Quaker Colonies in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the border of the middle east. Indianapolis will not be a place for more than 15 years, and the central and northern Indiana regions remain wildly savage. India's presence faded, but still a threat to the settlements. Only two districts, Clark and Dearborn in the southeast, have been organized. Land certificates issued from Cincinnati are still rare. Migration is mainly done by flatboats in the Ohio River to the west, and carts run in the White River Valley (west) and the Whitewater River Valley (east).
In 1810 leader Shawnee Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other tribes in the region to deny European settlement. Tensions increased and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy; The US won a victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on 7 November 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Thames River Battle. After his death, the armed resistance to US control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were then moved west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s and 1830s after the US negotiations and the purchase of their land.
State and residential status
To reduce the threat of Indian attacks after the Battle of Tippecanoe, Corydon, a town in southern Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. The Enabling Act was passed to provide election delegates to write the constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates gathered at Corydon to write the Constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President James Madison approved Indiana's recognition into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816. In 1825, the nation's capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.
Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early nineteenth century. The largest immigrant group living in Indiana is German, as well as many immigrants from Ireland and the UK. Americans who are basically ethnic British migrate from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the middle-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania. The arrival of a steamboat on the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road in Richmond in 1829 greatly facilitated the settlement of northern and western Indiana.
After the state, the new government is working to transform Indiana from the border into a developed, densely populated, and expanding country, initiating significant demographic and economic change. The founders of the country started the program, Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, which led to the construction of roads, canals, railways, and government-funded government schools. The plan made the country go bankrupt and was a financial disaster, but it increased the land and generated more than four times the value. In response to the crisis and to prevent others, in 1851, the second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions is the prohibition of public debt and the extension of suffrage for African Americans.
Civil War
During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the nation's affairs. As the first western country to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana has troops participating in all major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 artillery batteries and 13 cavalry regiments for the cause of the Union. In 1861 Indiana was given a quota of 7,500 people to join the Union Armed Forces. So many have volunteered for the first call that thousands of people must be rejected. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 people to fight and serve in war. Victims over 35% among these people: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and more than 50,000 people were injured. The only Civil War conflict in Indiana is the Newburgh Raid, the bloodless arrest of Newburgh, Indiana, and the Corydon Battle, which occurred during Raid Morgan and left 15 dead, 40 injured and 355 arrested.
Indiana remains an agricultural country; postwar industries including food processing, such as grinding grains, refining them into alcohol, and wrapping meat; build carriages, buggy, agricultural machinery, and hardware.
The beginning of the 20th century
With the industrial revolution happening, Indiana's industry began to grow at an accelerated pace in the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers develop trade unions and the movement of suffrage arises in relation to women's progress. The Indiana Gas Boom led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region. At the beginning of the 20th century, Indiana developed into a powerful manufacturing country with ties with the new automotive industry. Haynes-Apperson, the first commercially successful automotive company, operated in Kokomo until 1925. The construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the commencement of automotive-related industries are also linked to the automotive industry boom.
During the 1930s, Indiana, like other parts of the country, was influenced by the Great Depression. The economic downturn has widespread negative impacts in Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl farther west generates many more migrants fleeing to the more advanced Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's government is struggling to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. During his reign, spending and taxes were cut drastically in response to the Depression, and state governance was completely reorganized. McNutt ended the State ban and imposed the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to end a workers strike. World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, because war requires steel, food, and other goods produced in the state. About 10% of Indiana's population joins the armed forces, while hundreds of industries get war production contracts and start making war materials. Indiana produces 4.5 percent of the total US military arsenal produced during World War II, ranked eighth out of 48 states. The expansion of industry to meet the demands of the war helped end the Great Depression.
Modern era
With the end of World War II, Indiana rebounded to production levels before the Great Depression. Industry became the main employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the country's cities. The automotive, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's main business. Indiana's population continued to grow during the post-war years, exceeding five million by the 1970s census. In the 1960s the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted the first sales tax of two percent. The Indiana schools were separated in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black. The Welsh governor also works with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, providing equal protection to minorities in search of employment.
Beginning in 1970, a series of state constitutional amendments were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was made and the procedure for appointing judges in the courts was adjusted.
The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that injured the auto industry in Indiana. Companies like Delco Electronics and Delphi embarked on a long series of downsizing that contributed to the high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The trend of restructuring and deindustrialization continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economies began to diversify and recover.
Geography
With a total land area (water and water) of 36,418 square miles (94,320 km 2 ), Indiana ranks 38th as the largest country in size. The country has the maximum dimension north to south of 250 miles (400 km) and maximum east to west dimension 145 miles (233 km). The geographical center of the state (39 Â ° 53,7'N, 86 Â ° 16,0W) is in Marion County.
Located in the United States Midwestern, Indiana is one of the eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region. Indiana is bordered to the north by Michigan, to the east by Ohio, and to the west by Illinois. Lake Michigan borders Indiana in the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky to the south.
Geology and terrain
The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 feet (230 m) above sea level. The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1,257 feet (383 m) above sea level. The lowest point at 320 feet (98 m) above sea level is located in Posey County, where the Wabash River meets the Ohio River. It is only 2,850 sq miles (7,400 km 2 ) which has a height of more than 1,000 feet (300 m) and this area is covered in 14 areas. Approximately 4,700 square miles (12,000 km 2 ) are less than 500 feet (150 m) in height, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash valleys, from Tell City and Terre Haute to Evansville and Mt. Vernon.
The State includes two natural areas of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the Lowlands of the Interior. The vast plains form northern and central Indiana. Most of its performance is the result of elements left by glaciers. Central Indiana is mostly flat with some low hills (except where the river cuts the deep valleys through the plains, such as the Wabash and Sugar Creek Rivers) and the land consisting of glacial sand, gravel and clay, which produces tremendous farmland. Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher terminal moraines and hills and hundreds of lake boilers.
In northwest Indiana there are various sand dunes and sand dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height. It is located along the coastline of Lake Michigan and also inland to the Outwash Kankakee Plain. South Indiana is characterized by valleys and hilly terrain, in contrast to most states. Here, the bedrock is exposed on the surface and not buried in the glacial until as it is in the north. Due to the usual Indiana limestone, there are many caves, caves, and queens in the area.
Hydrology
The main river systems in Indiana include the River Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee. According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, there are 65 rivers, streams and tributaries that have an environmental interest or scenic beauty, which only covers some of the roughly 24,000-fold rivers in the country.
The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is Indiana's official river. At 475 miles (764 km) long, the river divides the two states from the northeast to the southwest, forming part of the state border with Illinois, before merging with the Ohio River. The stream has been the subject of several songs, such as In Bank of the Wabash , The Wabash Cannonball and Back to Home, In Indiana .
There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, one of five lakes comprising the Great Lakes, the largest freshwater lake group in the world. Lake Tippecanoe, the deepest lake in the state, reaches a depth of nearly 120 feet (37 m), while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana. At 10,750 hectares (summer pool level), Lake Monroe is the largest lake in Indiana.
Climate
Indiana has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and hot, wet summers, with only the southern part of the state lying beneath humid subtropical climates, which receive more rain than any other part of Indiana. However, at 2016 renewal, about half of the country is now humid subtropical. Temperatures generally deviate from the northern and southern parts of the state. In the middle of winter, the high/low temperature averages range from 30 ° F/15 ° F (-1 ° C/-10 ° C) in the far north to 41 ° F/24 ° F ( 5 Â ° C/-4 Â ° C) at the southern end.
In mid-summer there is generally little variation across the state, as the high/low temperature averages range from 84 ° F/64 ° F (29 ° C/18 ° C) at the northern end to 90 ° F/69 Â ° F (32 Â ° C/21 Â ° C) at the southern end. The record high temperature for the country was 116Ã, Â ° F (47Ã, Â ° C) set on July 14, 1936 at Collegeville. The lowest record was -36 Â ° F (-38 Â ° C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The planting season usually ranges from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.
While drought occurs occasionally in the state, the total rainfall is distributed relatively the same throughout the year. The total rainfall ranges from 35 inches (89 cm) near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 inches (110 cm) along the Ohio River to the south, while the state average is 40 inches (100 cm). The annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 inches (200 cm) to the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 inches (36 cm) at the southern end. The snow lake effect accounts for about half of snowfall in the northwest and northern central Indiana due to the effects of the relative humidity and warmth of the Michigan winds. The average wind speed is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).
In the 2012 report, Indiana ranks eighth in a list of 20 hurricane-prone countries based on National Weather Service data from 1950 to 2011. A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15 among 20 hurricane-prone tornado cities in the United States. , while another report of the eighth Indianapolis 2011 rankings. Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of a tornado gang.
Ecosystem
Time zone
Indiana is one of thirteen US states divided into more than one time zone. The time zone of Indiana fluctuated over the past century. Today most countries observe Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville watching Central Time. The debate continues on this issue.
Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Several districts in this area, especially Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn districts near Cincinnati, Ohio, DST are illegally observed by local customs. Since April 2006 all countries observed DST.
Indiana Indiana district and statistical area
Indiana is divided into 92 districts. In 2010, the country covered 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 fused cities, 450 cities, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas. Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-area government.
Large city
Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city. The four largest metropolitan areas of Indiana are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend. The table below lists the top ten municipalities in the state based on the 2015 Census Estimate of the United States.
Demographics
Population
The US Census Bureau estimates that Indiana's population is 6,619,680 on July 1, 2015, a 2.10% increase since the 2010 US Census, and forecasts for 2017 put the population at 6,663,280.
The population density of the country is 181.0 people per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States. At the US Census 2010, Indiana's population center lies northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (40.149246, -086.259514).
In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana's population lives in metropolitan districts, 16.5% live in micro areas and 5.9% live in non-core districts.
Ancestor
Country racial makeup (based on population estimates 2011) are:
- 86.8% White American (81.3% non-Hispanic whites)
- 9.4% Black or African American
- 1.7% Asia
- 1.7% biracial or multi-racial
- 0.4% Native Americans
- 0.1% Original Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands.
Hispanic or Latino of any race consists of 6.2% of the population. The Hispanic population is the fastest growing ethnic minority in Indiana. 28.2% of Indiana children under the age of 1 belong to minority groups (note: children born from white Hispanics count as minority groups).
Germany is the largest ancestor reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestors in the Census. People who call America (12.0%) and British ancestors (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Ireland (10.8%) and Poland (3.0%). Most of those who quote American descent are actually of British descent, but have families that have been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify only as Americans. In 1980, the 1,776,144 census declared a German ancestor, 1,356,135 declared an English ancestor and 1,017,944 claiming an Irish ancestor of a total population of 4,241,975 making the country 42% German, 32% British and 24% Irish.
Population growth
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the area around Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest growing districts in the region: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. Another area is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County is also the fastest growing region in the region comprising Indiana and the states bordering Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky, and is the 20th fastest growing region in the country.
With populations of 829,817, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th largest in the United States, according to the Census 2010. Three other cities in Indiana have populations greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (117,429) and South Bend (101,168). Since 2000, Fishers has experienced the largest population increase among the top 20 cities in the state with a 100% increase.
Hammond and Gary have seen the largest population decline in 20 of the world's largest cities since 2000, with declines of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively. Other cities that have experienced extensive growth since 2000 are Noblesville (39.4%), Greenwood (81%), Carmel (21.4%) and Lawrence (9.3%). Meanwhile, Evansville (-4.2 percent), Anderson (-4%) and Muncie (-3.9%) were the cities with the most populous densities in the state.
Indianapolis has the largest population of the state metropolitan area and the 33 largest in the country. The Indianapolis metropolitan area includes Marion County and the surrounding nine counties in central Indiana.
Note: The births in the table do not increase, as Hispanics are well-counted by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall score.
- Since 2016, birth data of Hispanic White origin are not collected, but belong to one
group; people from Hispanics may come from any race.
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the country's population is below the age of five, 24.5% are under 18 years of age, and 13.2% are 65 years or older. From the US Census 2010 census data for Indiana, the median age was 37.0 years.
Median revenue
At the US Census 2010, the average household income in Indiana was $ 44,616, ranked 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia. In 2005, the average household income for Indiana residents was $ 43,993. Nearly 498,700 households in Indiana have revenues from $ 50,000 to $ 74,999, accounting for 20% of households.
The average household income of Hamilton County is almost $ 35,000 higher than the average Indiana. At $ 78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among districts with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median income in Indiana is also found in suburban Indianapolis; Hendricks County has a median of $ 57,538, followed by Johnson County at $ 56,251.
Religion
Although the largest single denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), the majority of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination with number of followers in 2010 was United Methodist Church with 355,043. A study by the Graduate Center at City University of New York found that 20 percent were Roman Catholics, 14 percent belonged to different Baptist churches, 10 percent were Christian, nine percent were Methodists, and six percent were Lutherans. The study found that 16% of Indiana were affiliated without religion.
Indiana is home to Benedictine St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two Catholic archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church-Missouri synod has one of two seminars in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, Free Methodist Church and Wesleyan Church, have their headquarters in Indianapolis just like the Christian Church.
The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches has offices and publishing jobs in Winona Lake. Huntington serves as the home for the United Church of Brotherhood in Christ. Anderson is home to the Lord's Church headquarters. Missionary Church Headquarters is located in Fort Wayne.
The Friends United Meeting of Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond, which is also home to the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion. The Islamic Society of North America is based in Plainfield.
Language
Spanish is the second most widely used language in Indiana, after English.
Law and government
Indiana has a constitutional democratic republic government with three branches: executives, including elected governors and lieutenant governors; legislative body, consisting of the elected bicameral General Assembly; and judiciary, the Indiana Supreme Court, Indiana Court of Appeals and the circuit court.
The Governor of Indiana serves as the country's chief executive and has the authority to administer the government as set out in the Indiana Constitution. The governor and lieutenant governor are jointly elected for a four-year term, with gubernatorial elections going hand in hand with the US presidential election (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with Indiana's General Assembly and Indiana Supreme Court to regulate the state and has the authority to adapt the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly may be summoned by the governor and also have the power to elect and remove leaders from virtually all state departments, councils and commissions. Other important powers include calling the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing a pardon or pardon to every offender except in cases of treason or impeachment and has many legal authorities. The lieutenant governor serves as President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the rules of the senate act in accordance with his constituents. The lieutenant governor can only choose to break the ties. If the governor dies at the office, becomes permanently paralyzed, resigned or dismissed, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If the position of governor and lieutenant governor is not favored, the President of the Senate will be governor.
Indiana General Assembly consists of 50 members of the Senate and 100 members of the House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House of Representatives may introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. The bills are debated and ratified separately in each house, but must be authorized by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor. The legislature may veto the governor by a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and the House of Representatives. Any law authorized by the General Assembly shall be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to enact laws that target only certain communities. The General Assembly can administer the state judicial system by regulating the size of the courts and their district boundaries. It can also oversee the activities of the state government's executive branch, has limited the power to regulate local government within the state, and has the exclusive power to initiate methods to change the Indiana Constitution.
The Supreme Court of Indiana consists of five judges with a Court of Appeal composed of 15 judges. The governor elects the judge for the supreme court and appeals of a group of applicants selected by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must have the support of voters to serve for 10 years. In almost all cases, the Supreme Court has no original jurisdiction and can only hear cases petitioned to court after being heard in a lower court. The local circuit court is where the majority of cases begin with the trial and the consequences are decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain fields including legal practice, discipline or neglect of Judges who are appointed to lower state courts, and oversight of the exercise of jurisdiction by other courts under the State.
The state is divided into 92 districts, led by the regional board of commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own district court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two districts, Dearborn and Ohio, are merged into one circuit. Many districts operate superior courts in addition to circuit courts. In densely populated districts where caseloads are traditionally larger, separate courts have been established to hear only juvenile claims, criminal, testament or minor claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from region to region. There are 85 municipal and municipal courts in the Indiana municipality, made by local law, usually deal with minor offenses and are not considered a record court. The local officials selected for a four-year term include auditors, recorders, treasurers, sheriffs, coroners and mobile court clerks. All of Indiana's cities have mayors and municipal government councils. Cities are governed by city councils and cities governed by the board of commissioners and city councilors.
US. News & amp; World Report puts Indiana first in the list of premier publications of 2017 Best Country for Governance. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (# 1), government digitization (# 6), and fiscal stability (# 8), and average rating in country integrity (# 25).
Politics
From 1880 to 1924, Indiana's population was included in all but one presidential election. Representative Indiana William Hayden English was nominated for Vice President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election. In 1884 former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Vice President of the United States. He served until his death on 25 November 1885, under President Grover Cleveland. In 1888, former Senator from Indiana Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States and served a term of office. He remains the only US President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected as Vice President in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909. Fairbanks made another run for Vice President with Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but both lost to Woodrow Wilson and former Governor of Indiana Thomas R. Marshall, who served as Vice President from 1913 to 1921. Not until 1988, another presidential election involving Indiana native, when Senator Dan Quayle was elected Vice President and served a tenure with George HW Bush. Governor Mike Pence was elected Vice President in 2016, to serve alongside Donald Trump.
Indiana has long been regarded as a Republican stronghold, especially in the presidential election. The Voting Cook Partisan Index (CPVI) now ranks Indiana as R 9. Indiana was one of ten states to support Wendell Willkie Republic in 1940. On 14 occasions, Republican candidates defeated Democrats by double-digit in the state, including six times where a Republican wins the country over 20%. In 2000 and 2004 George W. Bush won the country by a large margin while the elections were much closer overall. The state has only supported Democrats for president five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the country with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over the ruling President Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the country again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. Forty-four years later, Democrat Barack Obama wins the state against John McCain 50% to 49%. In the next election, Republican Mitt Romney won back the country for the Republicans with 54% of the votes over President Obama currently winning 43%.
While only five Democratic presidential candidates have brought Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governors during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats have occupied offices for 16 consecutive years. Indiana chose two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 votes in the presidential election. Seven districts support Republicans in accordance with CPVI ratings; there are currently seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central parts of the country, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the country. Sometimes, certain countries in the southern part of the country will elect Democrats. Marion County, Indiana's most populous area, supported Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before supporting the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 elections. The second most populous area in Indiana, Lake County, strongly supports the Democrats and has not voted for the Party Republic since 1972. In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research ranked the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on statistics voting in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations over 100,000. Five cities in Indiana are mentioned in this study. On the liberal side, Gary is ranked second and South Bend comes in at 83. Among the conservative cities, Fort Wayne is ranked 44th, Evansville is in 60th place and Indianapolis is 82nd on the list.
Military installations
Indiana is home to some of the current and used military installations. The largest is the Navy Volcano Surface Division, located approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising about 108 square miles of territory.
Other active installations include the National Air Force fighter unit at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airport (consolidated in Fort Wayne under the BRAC 2005 proposal, with Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Garda National Army conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations from Shelbyville Airport and urban training at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. Newport's Army Chemical Depot, now closed and turned into a coal purification plant.
Indiana was once home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (harmonized with the installation of the Air Force Reserve in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, is now closed, although the Department of Defense continues to operate a major financial center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Services).
Culture
Art
Sports
Motorports
Indiana has a long history with racing cars. Indianapolis hosts the 500-mile Indianapolis race over Memorial Day weekend at Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also nicknamed "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts more than 250,000 people each year making it the world's largest one-day sporting event. The track also hosts the Brickyard 400 (NASCAR) and Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix. From 2000 to 2007, he hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana has the largest and most prestigious drag race in the world, NHRA Mac Tools US Citizen, holds every Labor Day weekend at the Lucas Oil Raceway in Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana also hosts two large-scale unlimited hydropower vessel races in the major leagues of H1 Unlimited: Thunder on the Ohio (Evansville, Indiana) and Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).
Professional sports
In 2013 Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home game at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they started playing in 1967 at the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the league joined in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana was the birthplace of high school basketball. In 1925, Naismith visited the Indiana state basketball scene along with 15,000 fans who screamed and then wrote "The basketball really comes from Indiana, which remains the sports center." The 1986 film Hoosiers was inspired by the 1954 Indiana state champion Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championships in 1981, 1984, and 1986.
Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. Colts is a member of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became the official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts moved to Indianapolis, leading to a final rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts are currently playing their home game at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the Super Bowl in 1970. In Indianapolis, the Colts won the Super Bowl XLI, bringing the total franchise in half. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.
Professional team
The following table shows professional sports teams in Indiana. The skewed teams are in the major professional leagues.
Here is a table of sports venues in Indiana that has a capacity of over 30,000:
Athletic college
Indiana has an outstanding sporting success at the college level.
In men's basketball, Hoosiers Indiana has won five NCAA national championships and 22 Big Ten Conference championships. The Purdue Boilermakers was chosen as the national champion in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and has won 23 Big Ten titles. Boilermakers along with Notre Dame Fighting Irish have won national championships in women's basketball.
In college football, Notre Dame Fighting Irish has won 11 national consensus championships, as well as Rose Bowl Games, Cotton Bowl Classic, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, Purdue Boilermakers has won 10 Big Ten titles and has won the Rose Bowl and Peach Bowl.
Schools that run the NCAA Division's athletic program include:
Economy and infrastructure
By 2017, Indiana has a civil labor force of nearly 3.4 million, the 15th largest in the US Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4 percent, lower than the national average. The total gross product in 2016 is $ 347.2 billion. A high percentage of Indiana's income comes from manufacturing. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, almost 17 percent of the country's non-agricultural labor is used in manufacturing, the highest of any US state. The main exports of the five states are motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optics and medical equipment, and electrical machinery.
Despite its dependence on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by the decline in traditional Rust Belt manufacturing than many of its neighbors. The explanation seems to be certain factors in the labor market. First of all, many of the heavy manufacturers, such as industrial and steel machinery, need highly skilled workers, and companies are often willing to discover where tough skills already exist. Secondly, Indiana's workforce is located primarily in medium and small towns rather than in very large and expensive metropolitan cities. This makes it possible for a company to offer a lower wage for this skill than is normally paid. Companies often see in Indiana an opportunity to acquire higher-than-average skills at below-average wages.
Business
In 2016, Indiana became home to seven Fortune 500 companies with combined revenues of $ 142.5 billion. Cummins, Inc. based in Columbus and Indianapolis-based Eli Lilly and Company and the Simon Property Group are recognized in "2017 Most Admired Companies List" in the 2017 World, in their respective industries respectively.
Northwest Indiana has been the largest steel production center in the US since 1975 and accounts for 27 percent of American-made steel by 2016.
Indiana is home to Eli Lilly's international headquarters and research facility in Indianapolis, the country's largest company, as well as Mead Johnson Nutritionals headquarters in Evansville. Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all US states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and the second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.
Indiana is located within the US Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The country has a feedlot-style system that raises corn to fatten pigs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to major urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, ensures that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture work. Other plants include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the south. Most of the original soil is not a pasture and must be cleared of deciduous trees. Many forest parcels remain and support the furniture making sector in the southern part of the country.
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for the best place to do business according to CEO magazine.
Country budget
Indiana has no legal requirement to balance the state budget either in its laws or constitution. In contrast, Indiana has a constitutional ban to assume debt. It has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves is proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six states in the US that does not allow line item voices.
Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.23%. Many states of Indiana also collect income taxes. The state sale tax rate is 7% with the exception of food, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medicines. In some jurisdictions, additional Food and Drink Taxes are charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County rate is 2%), on sale of prepared food and beverages.
Property taxes are imposed on real and personal property in Indiana and administered by the Local Government Finance Department. Property is taxed by various taxation units (schools, counties, towns, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the amount of tax rates imposed by all taxation units on which the property resides. However, the "circuit breaker" law passed on 19 March 2008 limits property taxes to one percent of the assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses.
In fiscal 2011, Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among US states, with an additional $ 1.2 billion in its accounts. Governor Mitch Daniels, a Republican, official bonus payment of up to $ 1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An "expectant" employee will earn $ 500, those who "exceed expectations" will receive $ 750 and " extraordinary "will see an extra $ 1,000 in their August salary. Since 2010, Indiana has become one of the few states that have a credit rating of AAA bonds with the Big Three credit rating agency, the highest possible rating.
Energy
Indiana's electricity production consists mainly of the consumption of fossil fuels, especially coal. Indiana has 24 coal-fired plants, including the largest coal-fired power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to a coal-fired power plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, Gallagher power plant in western New Albany.
The country has an estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons; State mining operations produce 35 million tons of coal each year. Indiana also has at least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves at Trenton Field, though not easily recoverable. Although Indiana has made a commitment to increase the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, its development is very slow, mainly due to the continuing coal abundance in Southern Indiana. Most of the new factories in the state are coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.
Wind power is now being developed. A new estimate in 2006 increased wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m high turbines to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and 130,000 MW at 100 m, by 2010, the height of new turbines. By the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1340 MW wind turbines.
Transportation
Airport
Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished building a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers new midfield passenger terminals, concourses, air traffic control towers, parking garages, and improvements to airfields and aprons.
Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International Airport (which houses 122d Fighter Wing from Air National Guard), and South Bend International Airport. The old proposal to turn Gary Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport got a boost in early 2006 with $ 48 million in federal funding approval over the next ten years.
Terre Haute Regional Airport does not have an airline operating outside the facility but used for private flights. Since 1954, the 181th Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard has been stationed at the airport. However, the Basis of Realization and Closing Adjustment (BRAC) The 2005 proposal states that 181 will lose its combat mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-flight facility only.
The southern part of the country is also served by Louisville International Airport across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky. The southeastern part of the state is served by Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport also across the Ohio River in Hebron, Kentucky. Most of the Northwest Indiana residents, mainly in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use two Chicago airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.
Highway
The main US Interstate highways in Indiana are Interstate 64 (I-64), I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I- 80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. Intersecting highways in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railway center, and canals that had once crossed Indiana, were the source of the state's motto, American Crossroads. There are also many US routes and state highways run by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as the U.S. Highway. Indiana allows highways with different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana State Road 64 both exist (somewhat closer to each other) in Indiana, but the two paths differ without relation to each other.
A $ 3 billion project extending the I-69 is currently underway. The project is divided into six sections, with the first four sections (connecting Evansville to Bloomington) now completed. The fifth section (between Bloomington and Martinsville) is currently under construction, while the sixth and final phase to Indianapolis is under planning. When finished, I-69 will traverse an additional 142 miles (229 km) through the country.
Provincial road
Most Indiana districts use grid-based systems to identify local roads; this system replaces arbitrary number system and arbitrary street names, and (among other things) makes it easier to identify the source of the call placed into the 9-1-1 system. Such a system is easier to apply in the northern and central states of the glacier. Rural districts in the southern third of the country tend to have grids and are more likely to rely on unheralded street names (eg, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).
There are also districts in the northern part of the country that have never implemented networks, or only some of them implement them. Some districts are also laid out in grid systems that almost resemble diamonds (eg, Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and County Knox). Such a system is also almost useless in that situation as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different grid surveys, but has since decided to use a street name and incorporate the road instead.
In particular, the St. Joseph County county road network system, whose main city is South Bend, uses the immortal name (tree) (ie Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and the President and others worth recorded. names (ie, Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continued the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street in the Marion County line to 296th street in the Tipton County line.
Rel
Indiana has over 4,255 miles of rail routes, of which 91 percent is operated by Class I trains, notably CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railways in Indiana include Canada's National Railway and Soo Railway, a Pacific Railway subsidiary in Canada, and Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching railways and terminals. The South Shore Line is one of the most famous commuter rail systems in the country, stretching from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by Parsons Corporation. Many recreational paths, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, are constructed from abandoned rail routes.
Port
Indiana annually sends more than 70 million tons of cargo with water each year, which ranks 14th among all US states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes 400 miles (640 km) of direct access to two major goods transport arteries: Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Port of Indiana manages three major ports that include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.
In Evansville, three public and private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barges operating on the Ohio River. Evansville has been a US Customs Port for more than 125 years. Due to this, it is possible to have international cargo delivered to Evansville in the form of bonds. International cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than coastal ports.
Education
The Indiana Constitution of 1816 was the first in the country to implement a state-funded state school system. It is also awarded a municipality for a state university. However, the plan turned out to be too idealistic for pioneer societies, since tax money is inaccessible to the organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills urged the need for tax-backed schools, and in 1851 his advice was incorporated into the new constitution of the state.
Although the growth of the public school system was sustained by legal involvement, many state primary schools were used in 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and parish schools. About one-half of all students in Indiana are enrolled in a state-backed four-year school.
The largest educational institution is Indiana University, the main campus supported as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established as the State Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was hired as a land grant college in 1869. Three other independent state universities were Vincennes University (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965 as ISU - Evansville).
Many private universities and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The University of Notre Dame and the University of Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, Hanov
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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