World energy consumption

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World energy consumption is the total energy used by all human civilizations. Usually measured annually, this involves all the energy utilized from every energy source applied to humanitarian efforts in every sector of industry and technology, in every country. This does not include energy from food, and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been recorded is not well documented. Being a civilization resource metric, World Energy Consumption has profound implications for the socio-economic-political sphere of human beings.

Institutions such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the European Environment Agency (EEA) record and publish energy data on a regular basis. Improved data and understanding of the World Energy Consumption can reveal systemic trends and patterns, which can help to frame current energy problems and drive movement toward collectively beneficial solutions.

Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply (TPES), which - at the global level - is the amount of energy production minus changes in storage. Because energy storage changes throughout the year are minor, the value of TPES can be used as an estimator for energy consumption. However, TPES ignores conversion efficiency, exaggerating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency (eg coal, gas and nuclear) and shrinking calculated forms in converted form (eg photovoltaic or hydroelectric). The IEA estimates that, by 2013, the total primary energy supply (TPES) is 1.575 ÃƒÆ'Ã¢ â‚¬ "10 ¹⁷ Wh (= 157.5 PWh, 157,500 TWh, 5.67 ÃƒÆ'Ã¢ â‚¬" 10 ²⁰ joule, or 13,541 Mtoe) or about 18 TW-years. From 2000-2012 coal is the largest source of energy with growth. The use of oil and natural gas also has considerable growth, followed by hydropower and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a faster rate than any other time in history during this period. Demand for nuclear energy declined, in part due to nuclear disasters (eg Three Mile Island 1979, Chernobyl 1986, and Fukushima 2011).

In 2011, energy expenditures amounted to more than 6 trillion USD, or about 10% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). Europe spends almost a quarter of the world's energy expenditure, North America approaches 20%, and Japan 6%.

Video World energy consumption

Overview

Energy, consumption and power supply

The world's total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy" differs from the final world energy consumption because much of the human energy obtained is lost as another form of energy during the refinement process into a usable energy form and transport from the initial supply to the consumer. For example, when oil is extracted from the soil, the oil must be distilled into gasoline, so it can be used in the car, and transported remotely to the gas station where it can be used by consumers. The final world energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world's primary energy used in the final form by humans.

In 2014, the world's primary energy supply is 155,481 hours of terawatt-hour (TWh) or 13,541Ãƒ, Mtoe, while the final world energy consumption is 109.613Ãƒ, TWh or about 29.5% lower than the total supply. The final world energy consumption includes products as lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals that contain chemical energy but are not used as fuel. This non-energy use amounts to 9404 TWh (809 Mtoe) in 2012.

The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) regularly publishes reports on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. For 2013, the world energy consumption forecast is 5.67 ÃƒÆ'Ã¢ â‚¬ "10 ²⁰ joule, or 157,481Ãƒ,Ã‚ TWh. According to the IEA total world energy consumption in recent years was 143,851 TWh in 2008, 133,602 TWh in 2005, 117,687 TWh in 2000, and 102,569 TWh in 1990. In 2012 about 22% of the world's energy is consumed in North America. , 5% consumed South and Central America, 23% consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% consumed in Africa, and 40% consumed in the Asia Pacific region.

Power generation

The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide is 19,504 TWh in 2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000. By the end of 2014, the total installed power generation capacity worldwide is nearly 6,142 TW (million MW) which only includes power plants connected to the local power grid. In addition, there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed outside the network by isolated villages and industries. In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for power plants based on sources is coal by 40.8%, natural gas by 21.6%, nuclear by 10.6%, hydro by 16.4%, other sources (solar, wind , geothermal, biomass, etc.) 6.3% and oil 4.3%. Coal and natural gas are the most energy fuels used to generate electricity. World electricity consumption is 18,608 TWh in 2012. This figure is about 18% less than electricity generated, due to network losses, storage losses, and own consumption of power generation (gross generation). The Cogeneration power plant (CHP) uses a portion of heat that, if not used for buildings or in industrial processes.

By 2016 while the world's total energy comes from 80% of fossil fuels, 10% biofuels, 5% nuclear and 5% renewable (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal), only 18% of the world's total energy in electricity. Most of the other 82% is used for heat and transportation.

Recently there has been major improvements in international treaties and the National Energy Action Plan, such as the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy because of growing concerns about pollution from sources of energy derived from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. One such initiative was the United Nations World Energy Program in 2000 that highlighted the many challenges that humanity must face to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. From 2000-2012 renewable energy grew at a higher rate than any other point in history, with an increase in consumption of 176.5 million tonnes of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and experienced a much higher increase than the increase in renewable energy. The following figure illustrates the growth of fossil fuel consumption such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable energy sources during this period.

Trends

G20 growth in energy consumption slowed to 2% in 2011, after a strong rise in 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, world energy demand is characterized by rising Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries are struggling with a stagnant economy, high oil prices, resulting in stable or declining energy consumption.

According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, average energy usage per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy consumption also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the United States by 20%, EU-27 blocks by 7 %, and the world as a whole grew by 39%.

In 2008, the total primary energy consumption worldwide was 132,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 474 exajoules (EJ). In 2012, the demand for primary energy increased to 158,000 TWh (567 EJ).

Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline in 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption declined for the first time in 30 years by 1.1%, or about 130 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), as resulting from the financial and economic crisis, which reduced the world's GDP by 0.6% in 2009.

This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Growth in energy consumption remains strong in some developing countries, particularly in Asia (4%). In contrast, in the OECD, consumption was severely trimmed by 4.7% in 2009 and thus almost fell to 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumption decreased 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% % due to slowing economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of total) since its consumption jumped 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remains the largest source of energy (33%) despite the fact that its share has declined over time. Coal records a growing role in world energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

Most of the energy is used in the home country, because it is cheaper to transport the final product than the raw material. In 2008, exports of shares of total energy production by fuel were: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 m), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm) and hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt).

Most of the world's high energy sources come from the conversion of sunlight to other forms of energy after going on this planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some of which can be directly or indirectly used; for example, through solar power PV/heat, wind, hydro, or wave. Total solar radiation is measured by satellites about 1361 watts per square meter (see the solar constant) , although it fluctuates around 6.9% throughout the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after doubling with the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total solar energy levels the planet receives; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.

Estimates of the rest of the world's non-renewable energy sources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels of about 0.4 yottajoules (YJ) or 4 ÃƒÆ'Ã¢ â‚¬ "10 ²³ joules, and available nuclear fuels such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if the estimates of methane clathrate reserves are accurate and can be technically extracted. The total flow of electricity from the sun that intercepts the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of these are available for human consumption. The IEA's forecast for the world to meet global energy demand for two decades from 2015 to 2035 will require an investment of $ 48 trillion and a "credible policy framework."

According to the IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 Ã‚ Â° C becomes more difficult and costly with each passing year. If action is not done before 2017, CO ₂ emissions will be locked by existing energy infrastructure by 2017. Dominant fossil fuels in the global energy mix, backed by $ 523 billion in subsidies in 2011, 30% in 2010 and six times more than subsidies for renewable energy.

Emissions

Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are environmental concerns. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN deal aimed at reducing the harmful climate impacts, which have been signed by a number of countries. Limiting global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius, considered a risk by SEI, is now in doubt.

To limit global temperatures to a 2 degree Celcius rise would demand a 75% reduction in carbon emissions in industrialized countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion by 2050. All over 40 years, this averages a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, energy production emissions continue to rise regardless of the consensus of basic issues. Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), to prevent collapse, human civilization must stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of economy or population (2009).

Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions from energy production and consumption. A large number of pollutants such as sulfur oxide (SO _x), nitrous oxides (NO _x), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from burning fossil fuels and biomass; The World Health Organization estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused annually by air pollution. Biomass burning is a major contributor. In addition to generating air pollution such as fossil fuel burning, most biomass has high CO ₂ emissions.

Maps World energy consumption

By source

Fossil fuels

The twentieth century witnessed a twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the annual growth rate worldwide was 2%. According to the 2006 US Energy Information Administration forecasts, the estimated total consumption of EJ 471.8 in 2004, divided as given in the above table, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

Coal

In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and European Union 14%. The largest coal-producing country is China. The share of world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. Unlike China ~ 70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurs in China and the rest in Asia. China's energy consumption is largely driven by the industrial sector, which mostly comes from coal consumption.

World's annual coal output increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, where more than 70% are in China and 8% in India. Coal production in 2011 was 7.783 Mt, and 2009 was 6.903 Mt, equivalent to a 12.7% increase in production in two years.

If coal production and consumption continue as in 2008, the world's proven and economically recoverable coal reserves will last for about 150 years. This is much needed for an irreversible climate disaster. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to James Hansen, one of the most important actions needed to overcome the climate crisis is reducing CO ₂ emissions from coal. Indonesia and Australia exported 57.1% of world coal exports in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan have 65% share of world coal imports in 2011.

Oil

Coal triggered an industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. With the advent of cars, airplanes and the spread of electricity use, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. Oil growth as the largest fossil fuel was then made possible by continuing to drop prices from 1920 to 1973. After the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks, where oil prices rose from 5 to 45 dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. Coal, natural gas and nuclear fuel are the options for electricity generation and conservation measures increase energy efficiency. In the US, the average car is more than double the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bears the brunt of the oil shock, makes spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world. From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels continued to grow and their share of energy supply increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal is the fastest growing fossil fuel.

It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil have been consumed between 1850 and now.

Natural Gas

In 2009, world natural gas use grew 31% compared to 2000. 66% of this growth is outside the EU, North America, Latin America, and Russia. Others include the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Gas supply increased also in previous regions: 8.6% in EU and 16% in North America 2000-2009.

Nuclear power

On July 1, 2016, the world has 444 nuclear power reactors that can be operated by a power grid with another 62 under construction. Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid-1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the power grid, although the two were connected in 2009.

The annual nuclear power plant has declined slightly since 2007, declining 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWH, despite an increase in production from most countries around the world, as the increase is more than offset by declines in Germany and Japan. Nuclear power meets 11.7% of world electricity demand in 2011. Source: IEA/OECD

Renewable energy

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy derived from resources that are not significantly reduced by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, waves, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four different areas: power plants, water heating/hot springs, motor fuel, and off-grid energy services.

Based on the REN21 2014 report, renewable energy accounts for 19 percent for energy consumption and 22 percent for our power plants in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided into 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investment in renewable technologies amounts to more than US $ 214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States investing heavily in wind, water, solar, and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist in large geographical areas, unlike other energy sources, which are concentrated in a number of countries. The rapid spread of renewable energy and energy efficiency results in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In an international public opinion survey there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 countries around the world already have renewable energy that contributes more than 20 percent of energy supplies. The national renewable energy market is projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

The following table shows an increase in naming plate capacity, and has a capacity factor that ranges from 11% for diesel, up to 40% for hydroelectric power.

From 2000 to 2013 the total use of renewable energy has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh.

Hydro

Hydroelectric is a term that refers to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. By 2015 hydroelectric power generates 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, which continues to increase the rapid rate experienced between 2003 and 2009. The hydropower plant is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region producing 32 per cent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest producer of hydroelectric power, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWH) of production in 2010, representing approximately 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectric power plants larger than 10 GW: Three Dam Gorges in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Dam Guri in Venezuela. Nine of the world's 10 renewable power producers are hydroelectric ones, one of which is wind.

Marine energy

Marine energy, also known as marine energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave energy and is a relatively new renewable energy sector, with most projects still in the pilot phase, but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4-18 million tons of oil equivalent (toe). The construction of MHK in US and international waters includes projects that use devices such as, wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves, tidal turbines located in coastal and estuarine areas, turbines in streams in fast-moving rivers, marine turbine currents in regions - strong ocean currents, and ocean heat energy converters in deep tropical waters.

Wind

Wind power is growing at a 17% annual rate, with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts (MW) by the end of 2015, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Some countries have achieved relatively high wind energy penetration rates, such as 21% of stationery electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. In 2011, 83 countries - countries around the world use commercial wind power. Continuing strong growth, by 2016 wind generates 3% of global power annually.

Solar

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been exploited by humans since ancient times using a variety of evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaic, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make a major contribution to solving some of the most pressing problems facing the world today. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "one-third of the final global energy demand after 2060, while CO ₂ emissions will be reduced to very low levels." Solar technology is widely characterized as a passive solar or active sun depending on the way they capture, transform and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness energy. Passive solar techniques include orientating a building to the Sun, selecting materials with a favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing a space naturally circulating the air. From 2012 to 2016 solar power capacity has tripled and now provides 1.3% of global energy.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is used commercially in more than 70 countries. In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TW) of electricity were generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 petajoules (75 TW) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for heating the room. In 2007, the world has a global capacity for <10 GW power generation and additional 28 GW direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. The heat pump is small and widely distributed, so the estimated total capacity is uncertain and ranges up to 100 GW .

Bio energy

Until the early nineteenth century biomass was the main fuel, currently only having a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity generated from biomass sources is estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass power plants have increased by more than 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. Further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), so the total energy consumed from biomass to about 264 GW. Use of biomass fires for cooking is not included. World bioethanol production increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7 ÃƒÆ' - 10 ⁹ US gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to Brazil consumption level. Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigaliter (1.0 ÃƒÆ' - 10 ⁹ US gal), making it the fastest-growing source of renewable energy in 2005. More than 50% produced in Germany.

Current and Future Energy Sources of the World | EGEE 102: Energy ...

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By country

Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a big difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kW energy consumption per person and the United States with 11.4 kW energy consumption per person. In developing countries, especially sub-tropical or tropical ones like India, the rate of energy use per person is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate of 0.2 kW per person.

The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and part of the world's population of 4.59%. The most significant energy consumption growth currently occurs in China, which has grown 5.5% annually over the last 25 years. The population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world's population) consumes energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

One measure of efficiency is the energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy a country needs to generate a dollar of gross domestic product.

Oil

Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil exports in 2011.

Coal

Natural gas

Wind power

World total primary energy consumption | ftr.ct.lb*

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By sector

The table on the right shows the amount of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors, according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy:

Residential (heating, lighting, and equipment)
Commercial (lighting, heating and cooling commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewage services)
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing and construction)
Transportation (passengers, goods, and pipeline)

Of the total 120 PWh (span> 120 ÃƒÆ' - 10 ¹⁵ Ãƒ, Wh ) consumed, 19.4 in the form of electricity, but electricity is required 61 , 7 PWh to produce. Thus the total energy consumption is about 160 PWh (ca 550 ÃƒÆ' - 10 ¹⁵ Ãƒ, Btu ). The typical efficiency of a typical power plant is about 38%. The new generation of gas-fired power plants achieved a much higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's power plants.

Other reports provide different values â€‹â€‹for sectors, apparently because of different definitions. According to this, total world energy usage per sector in 2008 was industry 28%, transportation 27% and housing and services 36%. The division was almost the same in 2000.

European Union

The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures the final energy consumption (excluding energy used in production and lost in transport) and found that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8% of final energy consumption, 26.2% of households, industry 25, 6%, 13.5% service and agriculture 2.9% in 2012. Energy use is responsible for most greenhouse gas (79%) emissions, with energy sector representing 31%, transportation 19%, industry 13%, home ladder 9% and other 7%.

While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as a public policy issue, more than 70% of coal plants in the EU are over 20 years old and operate at an efficiency rate of 32-40%. Technological developments in the 1990s have enabled efficiencies in the range of 40-45% in new plants. However, according to the impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technology efficiency (BAT) level of 46-49%. With gas-fired power plants, the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58-59% with the best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at an average efficiency of 36% (BAT yields 47%). According to the same impact assessment by the European Commission, improving the efficiency of all new plants and most existing plants, through authorization arrangements and permit conditions, for an average generation efficiency of 51.5% by 2020 will lead to an annual consumption reduction of 15 km < soup> 3 (3.6 cuÃƒ, mi) natural gas and 25 million tonnes (25,000,000 tonnes, 28,000,000 tonnes) of coal.

World energy consumption by energy source 2040 Statistic ...

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References

World Renewable Energy Consumption, 1990-2030

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External links

World Energy Outlook
BP's global energy outlook up to 2035
BP's Statistical Overview of World Energy June 2017
Energy and News Statistics from the European Union
Official Energy Statistics from the US government
Annual Energy Reviews, by the Energy Department's Energy Information Administration (PDF)
International Energy Outlook 2017, by the US Energy Information Administration

Source of the article : Wikipedia

World energy consumption

Jumat, 08 Juni 2018

World energy consumption

Video World energy consumption