Google Books (formerly known as Google Book Search and Google Print and with its codename Project Ocean ) is a service from Google Inc. which searches through the full text of Google-scanned books and magazines, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database. Books are provided by both publishers and authors, via the Google Books Partner Program, or by Google library partners, through the Library Project. In addition, Google has partnered with a number of magazine publishers to digitize their archives.
The Publisher Program was first known as 'Google Print' when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. The Google Books Library Project, which scans work in library partner collections and add them to digital inventory, was announced in December 2004.
The Google Books initiative has been praised for its potential to offer unprecedented access to what could be the largest online body of human knowledge and promote the democratization of knowledge. But it has also been criticized for potential copyright infringement, and lack of editing to correct many of the errors inserted into the text scanned by the OCR process.
As of October 2015, the number of titles scanned over 25 million, but the scanning process has slowed down in American academic libraries. Google estimates in 2010 there are about 130 million different titles in the world, and stated that it was meant to scan everything.
Video Google Books
Detail
Results from Google Books appear on Google Universal search as well as on dedicated Google Books search websites ( books.google.com ).
In response to a search query, Google Books allows users to view full pages of books where search terms appear, if the book is not copyrighted or if the copyright owner has granted permission. If Google believes the book is still copyrighted, users see a "snippet" of text around the search term being asked. All instances of search terms in the text of the book appear with yellow highlight.
The four access levels used in Google Books are:
- Full view : Books in the public domain are available for "full view" and can be downloaded for free. Printed books obtained through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, though this is rare.
- Preview : For printed books where permissions have been granted, the number of viewable pages is limited to the "preview" set by various access restrictions and security measures, some by user-tracking. Typically, publishers can set the percentage of books available for preview. Users are limited to copying, downloading, or printing book previews. Watermark reading "Copyrighted material" appears at the bottom of the page. All books obtained through the Partner Program are available for preview.
- Snippet view : 'Trailer view' - two to three lines of text around measured search terms - is shown in cases where Google does not have permission from the copyright owner to display a preview. This could be because Google can not identify the owner or owner to refuse permission. If a search term appears multiple times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, preventing users from seeing too many books. In addition, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, where the trailer view may even harm the market for the job. Google declares that no permission is required under copyright law to display thumbnail views.
- No preview : Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized. Because these books have not been scanned, their text can not be traced and only metadata information such as title, author, publisher, page count, ISBN, subject and copyright information, and in some cases the table of contents and book summaries are available. Actually, this is similar to an online library card catalog.
In response to criticism from groups such as the American Association of Publishers and Authors Guild, Google announced its opt-out policy in August 2005, in which the copyright owner can provide a list of titles that do not want to be scanned, and Google will respect the Demand. Google also stated that they will not scan copyright books between August and November 1, 2005, to give the owner the opportunity to decide which books are excluded from the Project. As such, Google provides copyright owners with three choices with respect to any work:
- This can participate in the Partner Program to make the book available for preview or full view, in which case it will share the revenue gained from the pageviews of the work in response to user inquiries.
- This may allow Google to scan books under the Library Project and display the snippet in response to the user's query.
- Can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan books. If the book has been scanned, Google will reset its access level as 'No preview'.
Most of the scans are no longer printed or commercially available.
In addition to getting books from the library, Google also obtained books from its publisher partners, through a "Partner Program" - designed to help publishers and authors promote their books. Publishers and authors send digital copies of their books in EPUB or PDF format, or a printed copy to Google, provided on Google Books for preview. Publishers can control the percentage of books available for preview, with a minimum of 20%. They can also choose to make the book fully viewable, and even allow users to download PDF copies. Books can also be available for sale on Google Play. Unlike the Library Project, this does not cause copyright concerns because it is done in agreement with the publisher. The publisher may choose to withdraw from the agreement at any time.
For many books, Google Books displays the original page number. However, Tim Parks, writing at The New York Review of Books in 2014, noted that Google has stopped providing page numbers for many recent publications (possibly earned through the Partner Program) "may allied with publishers, to force those who need to prepare footnotes to purchase paper editions. "
Maps Google Books
Scan the book
The project started in 2002 under the codename Project Ocean. Co-founder with Google, Larry Page has always been interested in digitizing books. When he and Marissa Mayer began experimenting with book scans in 2002, it took them 40 minutes to digitize a 300-page book. But as soon as the technology was developed to the point that scanning operators could scan up to 6000 pages per hour.
Google established designated scanning centers to which the books were transported by truck. Stations can digitize at a rate of 1,000 pages per hour. The books are placed in a specially made mechanical holder that adjusts the spine of the book in place for scanning. A series of lights and optical instruments are used - including four cameras, two directed at each half of the book, and a variety of LIDAR-encased coated three-dimensional laser grids on the surface of the book to capture the curvature of the paper. The human operator will turn the page by hand and operate the camera through the foot pedal. This system is made efficient because it does not need to flatten the book pages or align them perfectly. The raw image is done by a de-warping algorithm that uses LIDAR data to process the image. Optical character recognition (OCR) software was developed to process raw images into text. Algorithms are also created to extract page numbers, footnotes, illustrations, and diagrams.
Many books are scanned using the custom-tailored Elphel 323 camera at a speed of 1,000 pages per hour. A patent granted to Google in 2009 reveals that Google has come up with an innovative system to scan books using two cameras and infrared light to automatically correct the curvature of pages in a book. By building 3D models from every page and then "de-warping" it, Google is able to present a flat page without having to actually create a flat page, which requires the use of destructive methods such as unbinding or glass plates to individuals. flatten each page, which is not efficient for large-scale scanning.
Website functions
Each book in Google Books has an associated "About this book" page that displays analytical information about the book such as the word map of the most used words and phrases, a selection of pages, a list of related books, a list of scientific articles and other books that cite books, and table of contents. This information is collected through automated methods, and sometimes data from third party sources is used. This information provides insight into books, especially useful when only available snippet views. The related books list often contains irrelevant entries. In some cases, book summaries and information about the author are also displayed. This page also displays bibliographic information, which can be exported as quotes in BibTeX, EndNote and RefMan formats. Registered users who log in with their Google account can post reviews for books on this page. Google Books also features reviews from Goodreads along with these reviews. For books still in print, this site provides links to publishers and booksellers websites.
Google Books can retrieve scanned books from URLs based on ISBN, LCCN and OCLC note numbers. The 'About this book' page of a book with ISBN123456789 can be linked as books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN123456789 . For some books, Google also provides the ability to link directly to the front cover, title page, copyright page, table of contents, index, and back cover of the book, using the appropriate parameters. For example, the front cover of a book with OCLC number 17546826 can be linked as books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC17546826&printsec=frontcover
Incoming users can create personalized collections or "libraries" of books, using the "My Library" feature. Organized via "bookshelves", books can be added to the library using the buttons that appear alongside the search results or from the book's "Overview" page. Libraries can be shared with friends by making public bookshelves available and sharing personal library URLs. Users can also import book lists into libraries using their ISBN or ISSN numbers. There are four standard bookshelves that can not be renamed: "Favorites", "Reading now", "Reading" and "Already reading". The library also has default bookshelves ("Bought," "Reviewed", "My Books on Google Play", "Recently viewed", "Browsing history", and "Books for you") whose books are automatically added. Users can not add or remove books from this bookcase.
Ngram Viewer
Ngram Viewer is a service connected to Google Books that describes the frequency of word usage across their book collection. This service is important for historians and linguists as it can provide insights into human culture through the use of words over a period of time. This program has been criticized for metadata errors used in this program.
Content issues and criticism
The project has received criticism that the stated purpose of preserving the work left behind and not printed is risky because the scanned data has errors and unresolved issues.
Google allows users to report errors in books on the support.google.com/books/partner/troubleshooter/2983879 website.
Scan errors
The scanning process must have errors. For example, some pages may be unreadable, inverted, or in the wrong order. Scholars have even reported crumpled pages, blurred thumbs and fingers, and dirty or blurred images. Regarding this issue, a statement from Google at the end of a book scan says:
In 2009 Google stated that they would start using ReCAPTCHA to help fix errors found in Google Books scans. This method will only improve scanned words that are hard to spot because of the scan process and can not resolve errors such as turning pages or blocked words.
Error in metadata
Academics have often reported rampant errors in metadata information in Google Books - including wrong address authors and incorrect publication dates. Geoffrey Nunberg, a linguist who examines the changes in the use of the word from time to time notices that the search of books published before 1950 and containing the word "internet" gave rise to 527 results. Woody Allen is mentioned in 325 books published before her birth. Google responds to Nunberg by blaming most of the faults on outside contractors.
Other reported metadata errors include the date of publication before the author's birth (eg 182 by Charles Dickens prior to his birth in 1812); the incorrect classification of the subject (edition of Moby Dick found under "computer", a Mae West biography classified under "religion"), contradictory classification (10 editions of Whitman's Grass Leaves All are classified as "fiction" and "nonfiction"), misspell titles, authors, and publishers ( Moby Dick: or White "Wall" ), and metadata for one wrong book added to the book completely different (metadata for 1818 mathematical works leads to romance novels of 1963).
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- "A review of the author's element, title, publisher, and publication year for 400 randomly selected Google Books books has been performed.The results show that 36% of sample booklets in the digitizing project contain metadata errors. than expected to be found in a typical online library catalog. "
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- "The overall error rate of 36.75% found in this study indicates that Google Books metadata has a high error rate while the" major "and" minor "errors are subjective differences based on somewhat uncertain concepts "Can be found", errors found in the four metadata elements examined in this study should be considered major. "
Metadata errors based on incorrect scan dates make research using Google Books Project database hard. Google shows only limited interest in cleaning this error.
Language problem
Some European politicians and intellectuals have criticized Google's efforts with linguistic reasons of imperialism. They argue that since most of the books proposed to be scanned in English, it would result in a disproportionate representation of natural language in the digital world. German, Russian, French, and Spanish, for example, are popular languages ​​in the field of scholarships. A disproportionate online emphasis on English, however, can shape access to historical scholarship, and, ultimately, the growth and direction of future scholarships. Among these critics is Jean-NoÃÆ'Â Â Â «Jeanneney, former president of BibliothÃÆ'¨que nationale de France .
Google Books versus Google Scholar
While Google Books has digitized a large number of journal back issues, the scan does not include the metadata necessary to identify certain articles in a particular issue. This has prompted Google Scholar makers to start their own programs to digitize and host old journal articles (as per their publishers).
Partner library
The Google Books Library project aims to scan and create searchable collections from several major research libraries. Along with bibliographic information, text extracts from a book are often seen. If a book is not copyrighted and in the public domain, the book is fully available for read or download.
The copyright books scanned through the Library Project are available in Google Books for thumbnail views. Regarding scanned quality, Google recognizes that they "do not always have enough quality" to be offered for sale on Google Play. In addition, due to technical constraints, Google does not replace scans with the higher quality versions that publishers may provide.
This project is the subject of the Authors Guild v. Suit. Google , submitted in 2005 and decided to support Google in 2013, and again, on appeal, by 2015.
The copyright owner can claim rights to the scanned book and make it available for preview or full view (by "transferring" to a Partner Program account), or ask Google to prevent the text of the book from being searched.
The number of institutions participating in the Library Project has grown from the beginning. The University of Mysore has been mentioned in many media reports as a library partner, although not listed as a partner by Google.
Initial partners
- Harvard University, Harvard University Library
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- The Harvard University Library and Google conducted trials throughout 2005. The project continued, with the aim of increasing online access to Harvard University Library ownership, which includes over 15.8 million volumes. Although physical access to Harvard literature is generally limited to current Harvard students, teachers, and researchers, or to Cambridge-based scholars, the Harvard-Google Project has been designed to enable both Harvard community members and users everywhere to find work in the Harvard collection.
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Library
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- In March 2012, 5.5 million volumes were scanned.
- The New York Public Library
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- In this pilot program, NYPL is working with Google to offer its public domain book collection, which will be scanned in its entirety and made publicly available for free online. Users will be able to search and browse the full text of these works. When the scanning process is complete, the books can be accessed from the New York Public Library website and from the Google search engine.
- Oxford University, Bodleian Library
- Stanford University, Stanford University Library (SULAIR)
Additional partners
Other institutional partners have joined the project since the partnership was first announced:
- Austrian National Library
- State Library of Bavaria
- BibliothÃÆ'¨que municipale de Lyon
- The Big Ten Academic Alliance
- Columbia University, Columbia University Library System
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Cornell University, Cornell University Library
- Ghent University, Ghent/Boekentoren University Library
- Keio University, Keio Media Centers (Library)
- National Library of Catalonia, Biblioteca de Catalunya
- Princeton University, Princeton University Library
- University of California, California Digital Library
- Lausanne University, Lausanne University and Cantonal Libraries
- Mysore University, Mysore University Library
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- It was reported in 2007 that Google has agreed to digitize about 800,000 texts at Mysore University - including 100,000 manuscripts written on paper and palm leaves. However, no project status updates have been made since then.
- University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Library
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- This partnership is for digitizing the collection of Latin American libraries - about half a million volumes.
- University of Virginia, University of Virginia Library
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin Library
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- As of March 2012, about 600,000 volumes have been scanned.
History
2002 : A group of team members at Google officially launched the book's "secret" project. " Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page came up with the idea that later became Google Books while still a graduate student at Stanford in 1996. The history page on the Google Books website illustrates their initial vision for this project: "in the future in a world that the vast collection of digital books, people will use 'web browsers' to index the contents of the book and analyze the relationships between them, determine the relevance and usefulness of any book by tracking the number and quality of quotations from other books. "The team visited the sites of several greater digitalization efforts at that time included the American Memory Projects Library of Congress, Project Gutenberg, and the Universal Library to find out how it works, as well as the University of Michigan, the Page alma mater, and the basis for digitizing projects such as JSTOR and Making of America. In a conversation with the then University President Mary Sue Coleman, when Page found that the University's current estimate for scanning all library volumes was 1,000 years, Page reportedly told Coleman that he "believes Google can help make it happen in six."
2003 : The team is working to develop high-speed scanning processes and software to solve problems in strange type sizes, unusual fonts, and "other unexpected uniqueness."
December 2004 : Google marks an extension for the Google Print initiative known as the Google Print Library Project. Google announced partnerships with several colleges and public libraries, including the University of Michigan, Harvard (Harvard University Library), Stanford (Green Library), Oxford (Bodleian Library), and the New York Public Library. According to university press releases and librarians, Google plans to digitize and provide through its Google Books service about 15 million volumes in a decade. The announcement soon sparked controversy, as publishers and author associations challenged Google's plan to digitize, not just books in the public domain, but also titles that were still under copyright.
September-October 2005 : Two lawsuits against Google's allegation that the company does not respect copyright and have failed to compensate both the author and the publisher. One is a class action suit on behalf of the author (Authors Guild v. Google, September 20, 2005) and the other is a civil suit brought by five major publishers and the Association of American Publishers. (McGraw Hill v. Google, Oct 19, 2005)
November 2005 : Google changed the name of this service from Google Print to Google Book Search. The program that allows publishers and authors to include their books in the service is named the Google Books Partner Program, and the partnership with the library becomes the Google Books Library Project.
2006 : Google added the "download pdf" button to all of its public domain books that are not copyrighted. It also adds a new search interface along with the new "About this Book" page.
August 2006 : The University of California System announces that they will join the book digitization project. This includes some of the 34 million volumes in about 100 libraries managed by the System.
September 2006 : The Complutense University of Madrid became the first Spanish-language library to join the Google Books Library Project.
October 2006 : The University of Wisconsin-Madison announced that they will join the Book Search digitization project in conjunction with the Wisconsin Historical Society Library. When combined, the library has 7.2 million holdings.
November 2006 : University of Virginia joined the project. The library contains over five million volumes and more than 17 million manuscripts, rare books and archives.
January 2007 : The University of Texas at Austin announces that they will join the Book Search digitizing project. At least one million volumes will be digitized from 13 university library locations.
March 2007 : The Bavarian State Library announced a partnership with Google to scan over a million public domains and non-printed works in Germany as well as English, French, Italian, Latin and Spanish.
May 2007 : A project partnership digitization book announced jointly by Google and Cantonal Libraries and Lausanne University.
May 2007 : Ghent library of Ghent University announced that they will be participating with Google in digitizing and making digital versions of 19th century French and Dutch books available online.
June 2007 : The Institutional Cooperation Committee (renamed the Big Ten Academic Alliance 2016) announces that 12 member libraries will participate in the scanning of 10 million books over the next six years.
July 2007 : Keio University became Google's first library partner in Japan with the announcement that they will digitize at least 120,000 public domain books.
August 2007 : Google announces that it will digitize up to 500,000 copyright and public domain items from the Cornell University Library. Google will also provide a digital copy of all the scanned works to be incorporated into the university's own library system.
September 2007 : Google added a feature that allows users to share book snippets that are in the public domain. Trailers may appear exactly as they do in book scans, or as plain text.
September 2007 : Google debuted a new feature called "My Library" that allows users to create customized personal libraries, book selections they can label, reviews, rank or full-text search.
December 2007 : Columbia University was added as a partner in digitizing public domain works.
May 2008 : Microsoft is reducing and planning to end its scanning project, which has reached 750,000 books and 80 million journal articles.
October 2008 : A settlement was reached between the publishing industry and Google after two years of negotiations. Google agrees to compensate authors and publishers in exchange for the right to make millions of books publicly available.
November 2008 : Google reached 7 million books for items scanned by Google and by its publishing partners. 1 million is in full preview mode and 1 million are fully public domain works that can be viewed and downloaded. About five million are not printed.
December 2008 : Google announces the inclusion of a magazine on Google Books. Headlines include New York Magazine , Ebony , and Popular Mechanics
February 2009 : Google launched the mobile version of Google Book Search, allowing iPhone and Android phone users to read over 1.5 million public domain works in the US (and over 500,000 outside the US) using a mobile browser. Instead of a page image, plain text of the book is displayed.
May 2009 : At BookExpo's annual convention in New York, Google intends to introduce a program that will allow publishers to sell digital versions of their latest books directly to consumers through Google.
December 2009 : French court closes the scanning of copyright books published in France, saying it violates copyright laws. That is the first major legal loss for a scanning project.
April 2010 : Visual artists not included in the previous suit and settlement, are the plaintiffs in other claims, and say they intend to bring more than just Google Books under surveillance. "The new classroom action," read the statement, "goes beyond the Google Library Project, and includes systematic and widespread violations of the rights of photographers, illustrators and other visual artists."
May 2010 : It is reported that Google will launch a digital book store called Google Editions. It will compete with Amazon, Barnes & amp; Noble, Apple and other electronic book retailers with their own e-book store. Unlike others, Google Editions is completely online and does not require special tools (like kindle, nook, or iPad).
June 2010 : Google passed 12 million scanned books.
August 2010 : It was announced that Google intends to scan all existing 129,864,880 existing books in a decade, totaling more than 4 billion digital pages and 2 trillion words in total.
December 2010 : Google eBooks (Google Editions) launch in the US.
December 2010 : Google launches the Ngram Viewer, which collects and maps data about word usage throughout its book collection.
March 2011 : A federal judge rejects the solutions reached between the publishing industry and Google.
March 2012 : Google goes through 20 million scanned books.
March 2012 : Google reaches settlement with publishers.
January 2013 : Google and World Brain documentaries are featured at the Sundance Film Festival.
November 2013 : The law at Author Guild v. Google , US District Judge Denny Chin sided with Google, due to fair use. The authors say they will file an appeal.
October 2015 : An appeals court sided with Google, alleging that Google does not violate copyright laws. According to the New York Times, Google has scanned more than 25 million books.
April 2016 : The US Supreme Court refuses to hear the appeal of the Guild Writer, which means lower court ruling stands, and Google will be allowed to scan library books and display footage in search results without violating the law.
Status
Google has kept its plans secret about the future of the Google Books project. Scanning operations have been slowing since at least 2012, as confirmed by librarians in some Google partner agencies. At the University of Wisconsin, speed has been reduced to less than half of what was in 2006. However, librarians say that reduced speed can be a natural result of project maturation - initially a pile of books is entirely taken for scanning whereas now Google only needs to consider which not scanned yet. The company's own Google Book history page ends in 2007, and the Google Books blog is merged into the Google Search blog in 2012.
Despite winning litigation for a decade in 2017, The Atlantic says that Google has "shut down all its scanning operations". In April 2017, Wired reported that there were only a few Google employees working on the project, and new books were still scanned, but to a much lesser extent. It commented that a decade of legal battles have caused Google to lose its ambitions.
Legal issues
Through this project, library books are being digitized indiscriminately regardless of copyright status, leading to a number of lawsuits against Google. At the end of 2008, Google was reported to have digitized more than seven million books, of which only about one million work in the public domain. The remaining one million are copyrighted and printed, and five million are copyrighted but not printed. In 2005, a group of authors and publishers brought a major class action lawsuit against Google for infringement on copyrighted work. Google believes that it preserves "orphan work" - the book is still under copyright, but the copyright holder can not be found.
The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers separately sued Google in 2005 for his book project, citing "massive copyright infringement." Google replies that its project represents fair and equal use of digital age from a card catalog with every word in an indexed publication. The lawsuits are consolidated, and finally the settlement is filed. Settlements receive significant criticism for a variety of reasons, including antitrust, privacy, and the insufficiency of classes that authors and publishers propose. The settlement was eventually denied, and the publisher settled with Google shortly thereafter. The Authors Guild continues the case, and in 2011 the class they submitted was certified. Google appealed the decision, with a number of AMIs confirming class incompetence, and Second Circuit declining class certification in July 2013, submitting the case to the District Court for consideration of Google's fair use of defenses.
In 2015, the Guild Writers submit another appeal against Google for consideration by the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals in New York. Google won the case unanimously based on the argument that they did not show people the full text but the trailer, and they did not allow people to read books illegally. In a report, the court stated that they did not violate copyright laws, because they were protected by a fair use clause.
The Guild writers try again in 2016 to appeal the decision and this time take their case for consideration by the Supreme Court. The case was denied, leaving the Second Circuit decision in the case intact, which means that Google does not violate copyright laws. The case also sets a precedent for other similar cases in terms of fair use law as it further clarifies the law and extends it. Clarification is important in the new digital era because it affects other scanning projects similar to Google.
Other lawsuits follow the lead of the Authors Guild. In 2006, the German lawsuit, previously filed, was withdrawn. In June 2006, HervÃÆ'Â © de la MartiniÃÆ'¨re, a French publisher known as La MartiniÃÆ'¨re and ÃÆ' â € ° tions du Seuil, announced its intention to sue Google France. In 2009, the Paris Civil Court granted 300,000 EUR (about 430,000 USD) in damages and interest and ordered Google to pay 10,000 EUR a day to remove the publisher's book from its database. The court wrote, "Google infringes the copyright laws of the authors by reproducing them completely and making" unauthorized and Google Seuil-accessible books "commit copyright infringement, harmful to the publisher." Google said it would file an appeal. Syndicat National de l'Edition, who joined the lawsuit, said Google had scanned about 100,000 French works under copyright.
In December 2009, Chinese author Mian Mian filed a $ 8,900 civil suit against Google to scan his novel, Acid Lovers . This is the first lawsuit filed against Google in China. Also, in November of that year, China Cipta Karya Cipta Kerja (CWWCS) accused Google of scanning 18,000 books by 570 Chinese authors without authorization. Google agreed on November 20 to provide a list of Chinese books that have been scanned, but the company refused to admit to having violated "copyright law".
In March 2007, Thomas Rubin, associate general advisor for copyright, trademarks and trade secrets at Microsoft, accused Google of violating copyright law with its book search service. Rubin specifically criticizes Google's policy of freely copying any work until it is notified by the copyright holder to stop.
Google's license for public domain works is also a concern because it uses digital watermarking techniques with these books. Some published works that are in the public domain, like all works created by the U.S. Federal government, are still treated like other works under copyright, and are therefore locked after 1922.
Similar projects
- The Gutenberg project is a voluntary effort to digitize and archive cultural work, to "drive the creation and distribution of eBooks". Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library. On October 3, 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in his collection.
- The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization that digitizes more than 1000 books per day, and reflects books from Google Books and other sources. As of May 2011, it hosts over 2.8 million public domain books, larger than about 1 million public domain books on Google Books. The Open Library, a sister project of the Internet Archive, lends 80,000 commercial ebooks scanned and purchased to 150 library visitors.
- HathiTrust manages the HathiTrust Digital Library since October 13, 2008, which guards and provides access to material scanned by Google, some Internet Archive books, and some scanned locally by partner agencies. As of May 2010, it covers about 6 million volumes, more than 1 million of which are public domains (at least in the US).
- Microsoft funded the scanning of 300,000 books to create Live Search Books in late 2006. It went on until May 2008, when the project was abandoned and the books were made available for free on the Internet Archive.
- Europeana connects about 10 million digital objects in 2010, including videos, photographs, paintings, audios, maps, manuscripts, printed books and newspapers from the last 2,000 years of European history from over 1,000 archives in the EU.
- Gallica from the French National Library links to some 4,000,000 digital books, newspapers, manuscripts, maps and pictures, etc. Created in 1997, digital libraries continue to grow at a rate of about 5000 new documents per month. Since the end of 2008, most of the new scanned documents are available in image and text formats. Most of these documents are written in French.
- Wikisource
- Runiver
See also
- A9.com, Amazon.com book search
- Book Rights Registry
- Digital library
- List of digital library projects
- Universal library
Note
References
Further reading
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Anna Lauren Hoffmann (2016). "Google Books, Libraries, and Self-Respect: Justice of Information Beyond Distribution". Quarterly Library . doi: 10.1086/684141. - Jeanneney, Jean-NoÃÆ'ÂÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Google and the Universal Knowledge Myth: A View from Europe . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
External links
- Google Books homepage
- Google Book Information Page
- Google Books Timeline
- Jeffrey Toobin; Google Moon Shot
- PublicDomainReprints.org - an experiment that prints public domain books from Google Books
- Robert Darnton - Google & amp; The Future of the Book
- Ripping the Modern Library-Alexandria, the Atlantic
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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