The Gutenberg Bible (also known as 42-line Bible , Mazarin Bible or B42 ) is the first major book printed using a mass-produced metal type in Europe. This marked the beginning of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book in the West. Widely praised for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities, this book has an iconic status. Written in Latin, the Gutenberg Bible is a Vulgate edition, printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, in present-day Germany, in the 1450s. Since its publication, 49 copies (or most copies) have survived, and they are considered one of the most valuable books in the world even though no full copies have been sold since 1978.
In March 1455, Pope Pius II in the future wrote that he had seen the pages of the Gutenberg Bible, which was displayed to promote this edition, in Frankfurt. It is not known how many copies were printed, with 1455 letters citing sources for 158 and 180 copies.
The online Bible 36, believed to be the second printed version of the Bible, is also sometimes referred to as the Gutenberg Bible, but possibly the work of other printers.
Video Gutenberg Bible
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The Gutenberg Bible, Vulgate edition, contains a Latin version of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. This is especially the work of Jerome who began his work on translations in 380 AD, with changes from the Paris Bible tradition, and further differences (The Paris Bible, one of many medieval Bible translations, also known as "Thirteenth-Century Bible", "Old French Bible "or, in French," Bible du XIIIe siÃÆ'¨cle ").
Maps Gutenberg Bible
Print history
The Bible is not Gutenberg's first work. The preparation of the Bible probably began shortly after 1450, and the first finished copy was available in 1454 or 1455. It is not known exactly how long the Bible took to print. The first precise printing that can be declared is the 31-line Indutgence Gutenberg known to have existed on October 22, 1454.
Gutenberg made three significant changes during the printing process. The first sheets are rubbed by two passes through the printing press, using black ink and then red ink. This is soon abandoned, with space left for the rubric to be added by hand.
Some time later, after more sheets were printed, the number of lines per page increased from 40 to 42, presumably to save paper. Therefore, pages 1 through 9 and pages 256 to 265, may be first printed, each having 40 lines. Page 10 has 41, and from there appear 42 lines. Increasing the number of lines is achieved by reducing the interline distance, rather than increasing the printable area of ​​the page. Finally, print runs increase, requiring to rearrange the pages that have been printed. The new sheets are all rearranged to 42 rows per page. Consequently, there are two different arrangements in folios 1-32 and 129-158 volume I and folios 1-16 and 162 volumes II.
The most reliable information about Bible dates comes from a letter. In March 1455, Pope Pius II in the future wrote that he had seen the pages of the Gutenberg Bible, which was displayed to promote this edition, in Frankfurt. It is not known how many copies were printed, with 1455 letters citing sources for 158 and 180 copies. Today's scholars think that a live copy examination shows that somewhere between 160 and 185 copies is printed, with about three quarters on paper and the other on vellum. However, some books say that about 180 copies were printed and it took about three years to produce them.
Production process: Das Werk der BÃÆ'¼cher
In an official paper, written after the biblical settlement, Johannes Gutenberg refers to the process as "Das Werk der BÃÆ'¼cher": the work of the books. He had copied the printing press technology and was the first European to print with a moving type, but his greatest achievement was to show that the printing process actually produced the book.
Many book lovers have commented on the high standards achieved in the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some describing it as one of the most beautiful books ever printed. The quality of ink and other materials and the printing itself has been recorded.
Page
The paper size is 'double folio', with two pages printed on each side (four pages per sheet). After printing, the paper is folded once for a one-page size. Typically, five of these folded sheets (10 sheets, or 20 printed pages) are combined into one physical part, called quinternion, which can then be tied into a book. Some parts, however, have at least four leaves or as many as 12 leaves. Some parts may have been printed in larger quantities, especially those printed later in the publishing process, and sold indefinitely. The pages are not numbered. This technique is not new, because it has been used to make the books "blank white paper" to be written afterwards. What's new is to define the previous placement and correct orientation of each page on five sheets to produce the correct order when tied. The technique for placing the print area correctly on each page is also new.
The folio size, 307 ÃÆ'â € "445 mm, has a ratio of 1.45: 1. The printed area has the same ratio, and shifts out from the center to leave 2: 1 white margins, either horizontally or vertically. Historian John Man writes that the ratio is chosen to approach the golden ratio of 1.61: 1.
A full copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,286 pages (usually tied in two volumes); with four pages per sheet-folio, 322 sheets of paper needed per copy. The handmade paper used by Gutenberg is of good quality and imported from Italy. Each sheet contains a watermark left by the papermold.
Ink
In Gutenberg's time, the ink used by scribes to produce the manuscripts was water-based. Gutenberg developed an oil-based ink that would be better attached to the metal type. The ink is mainly carbon, but also has a high metal content, with copper, lead, and titanium dominating. The head of the collection in the British Library, Dr Kristian Jensen, described it as follows: "if you look (on the page of The Gutenberg Bible) closely you will see it is a very shiny surface.When you write you use water-based ink, you insert your pen into it and it's blurry Now if you print it exactly what you do not want.One invention of Gutenberg is ink that is not ink, it's varnish So what we call printer ink is actually a varnish, and that means sticking to its surface.
Type
The first part of Gutenberg's idea uses a hand-engraved character to make identical copies of himself. Cutting one letter alone can bring a craftsman all day working. One page that takes 2500 letters made in this way is not practical. Less labor intensive reproduction is required. Copies are produced by stamping the original onto an iron plate, called a matrix. A rectangular tube is then connected to the matrix, creating a container in which the liquid type metal can be poured. Once cooled, a solid metal form is released from the tube. The fundamental innovation is that this matrix can be used to generate multiple duplicates of the same letter. The result of each mold is a rectangular block of metal with the desired character shape protruding from the tip. A piece of this type can be placed on the line, facing up, with other types of pieces. These lines are arranged to form text blocks, which can be inked and pressed against paper, transferring the desired text to paper.
Each unique character requires a master type to be replicated. Given that each letter has an uppercase and lowercase letter, and the number of punctuation and ligatures (eg 'fi' characters, commonly used in writing), the Gutenberg Bible requires a set of 290 main characters. It seems likely that six pages, containing 15600 characters at a time, will be set at one time.
Type style
The Gutenberg Bible is printed in a kind of blackletter style to be known as Textualis (Textura) and Schwabacher. Name texture refers to the texture of a printed page: straight vertical strokes combined with horizontal lines, giving the impression of a webbing structure. Gutenberg has used the justification technique, that is, creates vertical alignment, not indentation, on the left and right side of the column. To do this, he uses a variety of methods, including using characters with narrower widths, adding extra spaces around punctuation, and varying the width of spaces around words. He also allowed punctuation to transcend vertical lines using dangling punctuation, which is used to make a bigger black character justification stronger for the eyes.
Rubrication, illumination and binding
Initially rubric - the title in front of each book from the Bible - is printed, but this practice is quickly abandoned, and the remaining gaps for the rubric will be added by hand. The textbook guide to be added to each page, printed for use by rubrictor, survives.
The wide margins allow the illuminated decorations added by hand. The amount of decoration may depend on how much each buyer can or will pay. Some copies are never decorated. The decoration can be detected or summarized for about 30 surviving copies. It is possible that 13 of these copies received their decoration in Mainz, but others worked as far as London. The vellum bible is more expensive, and perhaps for this reason tends to be more adorned, although the vellum copies in the British Library are completely unfashionable.
There is speculation that the "Master of the Playing Cards," an unidentified engraver who has been called "the first personality in carving history," is partly responsible for the copy illumination held by the Princeton University library. However, all that can be said with certainty is that the same model book is used for some illustrations in this book and for some illustrated Master illustrated cards.
Although many Bibel Gutenberg have recovered for many years, nine copies maintain the 15th century bond. Most of these copies are tied to Mainz or Erfurt. Most copies are divided into two volumes, the first volume ends with the Psalms. Copies on vellum are heavier and for this reason are sometimes tied in three or four volumes.
Initial owner
The Bible seems to have sold out immediately, with initial sales to its owners as far away as England and possibly Sweden and Hungary. At least several copies are known to have sold for 30 florins - about three years' salary for a clerk. Although this makes them cheaper than the Bible, most students, priests or other ordinary people will not be able to afford it. It is assumed that most are sold to monasteries, universities, and especially the rich. Currently only one copy is known to have been privately owned in the 15th century. Some are known to have been used for communal reading in the abbey's monastery; others may be displayed rather than used, and some are definitely used for learning. Kristian Jensen points out that many copies were bought by the rich and pious layman for donations to religious institutions.
Influence on the later Bible
The Gutenberg Bible has a profound effect on the history of the printed book. Textually, it also has an influence on future editions of the Bible. It provides a model for several later editions, including 36 Bible Paths, the Latin Bible of Mentelin, and the first and third Eggestein Bible. The third Eggestein Bible is set from a copy of the Gutenberg Bible now at the Cambridge University Library. The Gutenberg Bible also had an influence on the Clementine edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy at the end of the sixteenth century.
Forgeries
Joseph Martini, a New York merchant, found that the Gutenberg Bible held by the New York Theological Seminary Library has a forged leaf, carrying part of Chapter 14, all from Chapter 15, and part of Chapter 16 of the Book. from Ezekiel. It is impossible to say when the leaves have been put into the volume. It was replaced in the fall of 1953, when a patron donated a suitable leaf from a broken second volume of Gutenberg that was broken and sold in parts. This made it "the first imperfect Bible Gutenberg ever to be restored to completion." In 1978, this copy sold for $ 2.2 million USD to WÃÆ'¼rttembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart, Germany.
Preserve copy
In 2009, 49 Gutenberg Bibles were known to exist, but only 21 were complete. Others have pages or even entire volumes lost. In addition, there are a large number of fragments, some as small as individual leaves, which may represent about 16 other copies. Many of these fragments survive because they are used as part of the later binding of books. There are 12 surviving copies in vellum, though only four are complete and one is only from the New Testament.
A copy of the numbers listed below as found in the Incunabula Short Title Catalog, taken from a 1985 survey of copies by Ilona Hubay; two copies in Russia were not known to exist in 1985, and were therefore not cataloged.
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Recent history
Currently, some copies remain in religious institutions, with most being owned by university libraries and other major scientific institutions. After centuries where all the copies seem to remain in Europe, the first Gutenberg Bible reached North America in 1847. It is now at the New York Public Library. In the last hundred years, several long-lost copies have appeared, greatly enhancing the understanding of how the Bible is produced and distributed.
In 1921, a rare book dealer in New York, Gabriel Wells, bought a copy of the damaged paper, unpacked the book and sold individual parts and leaves to book and library collectors. The leaves are sold in the case of a portfolio with essays written by A. Edward Newton, and are referred to as "The Noble Fragment". In 1953 Charles Scribner's Sons, also a bookseller in New York, cut up paper copies of volume II. The greatest part of this, the New Testament, is now owned by Indiana University. The first suitable volume of this copy was later found in Mons, Belgium.
The only copy stored outside of Europe or North America is the first volume of the Gutenberg Bible (Hubay 45) at Keio University in Tokyo. The Human Media Interface (HUMI) Project at Keio University is known for high-quality digital images from Gutenberg's Bible and other rare books. Under the direction of Professor Toshiyuki Takamiya, the HUMI ​​team has made digital reproductions of 11 Bible sets in nine institutions, including full-text facsimiles stored in the British Library collection.
The final sale of the complete Gutenberg Bible took place in 1978, which sold for $ 2.2 million. This copy is now in Stuttgart. The price of a full copy today is estimated at $ 25-35 million. The individual leaves are now selling for $ 50,000 - $ 150,000, depending on the conditions and desires of the yard. The eight leaves (Book of Esther) from fragments owned by the Library Collection of Jewish Theological Seminary in New York were sold in June 2015 by Sotheby's for $ 970,000.
The second edition of the Gutenberg Bible was stolen from Moscow State University in 2009 and subsequently discovered during the FSB assault operation in 2013. This copy has been looted by the Soviet Army after World War II from the Leipzig University Library of Germany and is estimated to be worth over $ 20, 4 million.
See also
- Can not Be Reloased
- 36 Bible Paths
- Printing machine
- Jikji
- Books in Germany
Bibliography
- Niels Henry Sonne. The Oldest Episcopal Seminary Library in America and Its Needs to Serve. New York?: General Theological Seminary, 1953.
- St. Mark's Library (General Theological Seminary). The Gutenberg Bible of the General Theological Seminary. New York: Library St. Mark, General Theology Seminary, 1963.
References
External links
- Gutenberg Digital Public accesses Gutenberg's digital copy of Güntenen held by the State of GÃÆ'¶ttingen and the University Library in Germany
- Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible Information about Gutenberg and the Bible and online images from two copies of the British Library
- Gutenberg Bible Census Details of persistent copies, including some records of provenan
- A copy of Munich from the Gutenberg Bible in bavarikon
- Tabula rubricarum (in German) Image of rubricator instructions from copy of Munich
- The Gutenberg Bible at Beinecke Podcast from Beinecke Library, Yale University
- Gutenberg Leaf Images and information on a single "Noble Fragment" held by the McCune Collections in Vallejo, California
- History in Title: 7 Things You May Not Know About Gutenberg Bible History.com, February 23, 2015
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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