The doll is a human model, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have traditionally been used in magic and religious rituals around the world, and traditional dolls made from materials such as clay and wood are found in America, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest puppets were documented back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The use of dolls as toys is documented in Greece about 100 AD. They have been created as rough, imperfect, and complicated art. The modern doll factory is rooted in Germany, from the 15th century. With industrialization and new materials like porcelain and plastic, more and more dolls are mass-produced. During the 20th century, dolls became increasingly popular as collectibles.
Video Doll
History, types and materials
Early history and traditional doll
The earliest dolls are made from available materials such as clay, stone, wood, bone, ivory, leather, or wax. Archaeological evidence places the doll as a prime candidate for the oldest known toy. Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating from the 21st century BC. Doll with moving limbs and removable clothes dated at least 200 BC. The Greek doll is made of clay and is articulated on the hips and shoulders. There is a story from ancient Greece around 100 AD which shows that dolls are used by little girls as toys. In Rome, dolls made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the tombs of Roman children. Like today's children, young members of Roman civilization will wear their dolls in the latest fashion. When the Greek and Roman girls marry, they will present their doll to a goddess. Rag dolls are traditionally made from scraps of fabric. The bodily dolls have been discovered since 300 BC.
Traditional puppets are sometimes used as children's toys, but they can also have spiritual, magical, and ritual values. There is no limit between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that have been used in rituals are given to children. They are also used in the education of children and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures, dolls are considered too laden with supernatural powers to allow children to play with them.
African dolls are used for teaching and entertaining; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shapes and costumes vary according to the region and customs. Dolls are often passed down from mother to daughter. Akuaba is a wooden ritual fertility doll from Ghana and the surrounding area. The most famous Iaba are the Ashanti people, who Iaba have big heads, such as discs. The other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of Iaba .
There is a rich history of Japanese traditional dolls that come from Dogs? numbers (8000-200Ã, BC) and the funeral figure of Haniwa (300-600 AD). In the eleventh century, dolls were used as toys and also for religious protection and ceremonies. During Hinamatsuri, puppet festivals, abject puppets are shown. It is made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed with many layered textiles. Daruma doll is a round doll with red body and a white face without pupils. They represent Bodhidharma, the Eastern Indian who founded Zen, and used it as a lucky charm. Kokeshi wooden puppets have no arms or legs, but large heads and cylindrical bodies, representing little girls.
The use of a sculpture to perform a spell on a person is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such magic devices include European poppet and nkisi or bocio from West and Central Africa. In European folk magic and magic, popet dolls are used to represent a person to cast spells on that person. The goal is that any action taken on the statue will be transferred to the subject through sympathetic magic. The practice of pinning on voodoo dolls has been linked to African-American Hoodoo folklore. The Voodoo doll is not a Haitian Vodou religious feature, but has been described as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls sold to tourists in Haiti. Perhaps the concept of voodoo dolls in popular culture is influenced by European poppet dolls. A kitchen witch is a child from Northern Europe. It resembles a wizard or stereotypical crone and is displayed in a residential kitchen as a means to give good luck and ward off evil spirits.
Hopi Kachina doll is a stupa made of cotton tree that embodies the characteristics of Kachina ceremony, the spirit of masked Native American tribe Hopi. Kachina dolls are objects that are meant to be appreciated and studied to study the characteristics of each Kachina. The inuit dolls are made of soapstone and bone, materials common to the Inuit people. Many wear animal fur or leather. Their clothes articulate the traditional style of clothing needed to survive in winter, wind, and snow. The Innu people's tea dolls are filled with tea for young girls to make the long journey. The apple doll is a traditional North American doll with a head made of dried apples. In Inca mythology, Sara Mama is a goddess of wheat. He is associated with corn that grows in multiples or just as strangely. This strange plant sometimes dressed up like a Sara Mama doll. The corn husk doll is a native American traditional doll made of dried leaves or husks from corn cobs. Traditionally, they have no face. The making of corn husks was adopted by early European settlers in the United States. The early settlers also made fabric dolls and carved wooden puppets, called Pennywoods . La ÃÆ'ºltima muÃÆ' Â ± eca, or "last doll", is a tradition of the QuinceaÃÆ' Â ± era, the fifteenth anniversary of girls in some parts of Latin America. During this ritual, the era quinceaÃÆ' Â ± releases the doll from his childhood to signify that he no longer needs such toys. In the United States, dolls became industrialized in the 1860s, after the Civil War.
The Matryoshka doll is a traditional Russian doll, made up of a set of hollow wooden figures that open and nest within each other. They usually depict traditional farmers and the first set was carved and painted in 1890. In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and the manufacture of wooden puppets from the 15th century. Starting about the fifteenth century, the more elaborate dolls were made for the scene of the Nativity scene, especially in Italy. Dolls with detailed and fashionable clothing were sold in France in the 16th century, although their bodies were often roughly constructed. German and Dutch peg puppets are cheap and made simple and are a popular toy for poor children in Europe from the 16th century. Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood is increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, candles and porcelain and the body is made more articulate. It is not known when doll glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls until the Victorian era when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by Queen Victoria.
Dolls, dolls, and masks allow ordinary people to state what is impossible in real situations; In Iran for example during the Qajar era, people criticized the politics and social conditions of the Ahmad-Shah government through puppetry without fear of punishment. According to Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public, especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or dolls have a free and independent identity and are able to do what is unworthy of the real person. Layli (Lurish doll) is a hinged dance doll, popular among the Lur tribes in Iran. Layli's name comes from middle eastern folklore and love story; Layla and Majnun
Layli is the symbol of a beautiful person who is spiritually beautiful. Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which gradually disappears in urban life.
Stargazer Lottie Doll is the first doll to enter space, sailing with British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake. Lottie spent 264 days on top of the International Space Station during the Principa Mission. She was designed by a 6-year-old Abigail from Canada, when she decided she wanted to help children become more interested in space and astronomy.
Industrial era
During the 19th century, doll heads were often made of porcelain and combined with leather, cloth, wood, or composite materials, such as papier-mÃÆ'Â ¢ chÃÆ'Ã… © or composition, porridge mix, sawdust, glue and the like. ingredients. With the advent of polymers and plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making has largely shifted to these materials. Low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials means that new types of dolls can be mass produced at lower prices. The earliest materials are rubber and celluloid. From the mid-20th century, fine vinyl became the dominant material, especially for children's dolls. Beginning in the 20th century, porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collector market. Synthetic resins such as polyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.
The colloquial terms porcelain doll , bisque doll and china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make the difference between porcelain dolls, made of glossy porcelain, and bisque dolls, made of porcelain bisque without glaze. A typical Chinese antique doll has a white glossy porcelain head with painted hair and a fabric or leather body. The name comes from china which is used to refer to porcelain material. They were mass-produced in Germany, culminating in popularity between 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions. Puppet dolls are also made in Germany, from about 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to a chinese doll but its head is not dyed in glaze and has a matte finishing. The bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-like matte look. They have a peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. 19th century German and French antique bisque dolls are often made as children's toys, but contemporary bisque dolls are generally made directly for the collector market.
Until the mid-19th century, European dolls were generally made to represent adults. Dolls like children and baby dolls everywhere did not appear until about 1850. However, by the end of the 19th century, baby dolls and children had dominated the market. Real and lively wax dolls are very popular in Victorian England.
Paper dolls are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto dolls with folded tabs. They often reflect the contemporary style, and the 19th century ballerina paper doll is one of the earliest celebrity dolls. The Shirley Temple Dolls of the 1930s sold millions and was one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Kewpie's tiny celluloid doll, based on an illustration by Rose O'Neill, was popular in the early 20th century. Madame Alexander created the first collection doll based on a licensed character - Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind .
Contemporary doll houses have roots in Europe baby houses featuring cases from the 17th century. The early doll houses were all handmade, but, after the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were increasingly mass-produced and becoming more affordable. Children's doll houses during the 20th century have been made of lito, plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are usually made of wood.
The earliest modern doll dolls were made in 1880. They are different from the previous dolls because they are made of fur-like feathers and generally depict animals rather than humans. Teddy bear first appeared in 1902-1903.
Black dolls have been designed to resemble dark-skinned people varying from stereotypical to more accurate depictions. The fabric dolls made by American slaves are presented as toys for slave children. Golliwogg is a puppet doll character of children's books in the late 19th century which is widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, white-framed eyes, clown lips, and curly hair, and has been described as an anti-black caricature. The early mass-produced blacks are usually the dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest black American doll with realistic African facial features was made in the 1960s.
Fashion dolls are especially designed to dress to reflect fashion trends and are usually modeled after teenage girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were French bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are usually made of vinyl. Barbie, from American toy company Mattel, dominated the market since its birth in 1959. Bratz was the first doll to challenge Barbie's domination, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.
Plastic action figures, often representing superheroes, are very popular among boys. Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of a media franchise that may include movies, TV, video games, and other related merchandise. Bobblehead dolls are plastic dolls that can be billed with heads that are connected to the body by springs or hooks in such a way that the head is bladed. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.
With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. It's often similar to a traditional paper doll and allows the user to design virtual dolls and drag and drop clothes onto dolls or real people's pictures to play makeup. These include KiSS, Stardoll, and Dollz.
Also with the advent of the Internet, billable dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. The born-again doll is a vinyl doll that has been adapted to resemble a human baby with as much as possible realism. They are often sold online through sites like eBay. Asian jointed dolls (BJDs) are thrown in synthetic resins with styles that have been described as realistic and influenced by anime. Asian BJD and Asian fashion dolls like Pullip and Blythe are often customized and photographed. Photos are shared in the online community. Custom dolls can now be designed on computers and tablets and then individually produced using 3D printing.
Maps Doll
Usage, appearance, and issues
Since ancient times, dolls have played a central role in magic and religious rituals and have been used as representations of gods. Dolls are also traditionally a toy for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for the value of nostalgia, beauty, historical interest or their financial value. Antique dolls originally made as children's toys have become collectibles. The nineteenth century bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such as Bru and Jumeau may be worth almost $ 22,000 today.
Dolls are traditionally made as rough, imperfect toys, also with elaborate and artful designs. They have been created as folk art in cultures around the world, and, in the 20th century, dolls of art began to be seen as high art. Artist Hans Bellmer created a surrealistic doll that had interchangeable limbs in the 1930s and 1940s of Germany in opposition to the worship of a perfect Aryan body by the Nazi party. East Village artist Greer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for displaying his theater window of drug addicts, anorexics, and mutants.
A true live or anatomical doll is used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of child sexual abuse. Artists sometimes use wooden mannequins jointed in drawing human figures.
Egli-Figuren is a kind of doll that originated in Switzerland in 1964 for telling Bible stories.
In Western societies, gender differences in toy elections have been observed and studied. The action figures representing traditional masculine features are very popular among boys, who are more likely to choose toys that have links to tools, transportation, garage, machinery and military equipment. Dolls for girls tend to represent feminine properties and come with accessories such as clothing, kitchen utensils, appliances, furniture and jewelry.
Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects. Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorizes that extraordinary feelings arise when there is intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or not. Sigmund Freud is further developed on these theories. Japanese robot expert, Masahiro Mori, developed these theories to develop the extraordinary valley hypothesis: if an object is clearly not human, its human characteristics will stand out and captivate; However, if the object reaches a certain threshold of human-like appearance, non-human characteristics will stand out, and interfere.
Doll hospital
The doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the restoration or repair of dolls. Puppet hospitals can be found in countries around the world. One of the oldest doll hospitals was founded in Lisbon, Portugal in 1830, and another in Melbourne, which is said to be the first place in Australia, founded in 1888. There is the Puppet Doctors Association in the United States. Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at her shop in northeastern Paris for 43 years, says she has restored more than 30,000 dolls in her career. Most clients are not children, but adults are in their 50s and 60s. Some doll brands, such as American Girl and Madame Alexander, also offer doll hospital services for their own dolls.
Dolls and children's tales
Many books deal with fairy tales, including Wilhelmina. The Dutch Doll Adventure , by Nora Pitt-Taylor, is described by Gladys Hall. Rag dolls have been featured in a number of children's stories, such as the 19th-century Golliwogg character in The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and Golliwogg by Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton and Raggedy Ann in the books by Johnny Gruelle, first published in 1918. The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book by Canadian writer Dare Wright. The story is told through text and photos, is about a doll named Edith and two teddy bears.
References
The work cited
- Fraser, Antonia (1973). Dolls . An octopus book. ISBNÃ, 0-7064-0056-9.
External links
- The dictionary dictionary definition in Wiktionary
- Dolls in V & amp; A Small Childhood Museum
- Canadian Civilization Museum - Puppet Story in Canada
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments