Tennessee

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Tennessee ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Cherokee: ??? , translit. Ã, Tanasi ) is a country located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most of 50 United States. Tennessee borders Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the country, and the Mississippi River forms the western border of the state. Nashville is the capital of the country and largest city, with a population of 660,388. Tennessee's second largest city is Memphis, which has a population of 652,717.

The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 border pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government to the west of Appalachian. What Tennessee now is originally part of North Carolina, and then part of the Southwest Region. Tennessee was accepted in the Union as state 16 on 1 June 1796. Tennessee was the last country to leave the Union and joined the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first country to be accepted back to the Union on end of war.

Tennessee equipped more troops for the Confederate Army than any other country other than Virginia, and more troops for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederates combined. From the moment of reconstruction, he had a competitive party politics, but the Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in the passage of a privilege revocation law that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting. This greatly reduced the competition in politics in the state until after the issuance of civil rights laws in the mid-20th century. In the twentieth century, Tennessee shifted from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy, aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and, in the early 1940s, the town of Oak Ridge. The city was set up to accommodate the uranium enrichment facility of the Manhattan Project, helping to build the world's first atomic bomb, two of which were dropped in the Imperial Japan towards the end of World War II.

Tennessee's main industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the country's main agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is headquartered in the eastern part of the state, and part of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Other major attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; Ripley's Aquarium in the Smokies and Ober Gatlinburg in Gatlinburg; Parthenon, Hall of Fame and State Music Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; The Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg; The residence and tomb of Graceland Elvis Presley, Memphis Zoo, National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis; and Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol.

Video Tennessee

Etimologi

The earliest variant of the name being Tennessee was captured by Captain Juan Pardo, a Spanish explorer, as he and his men passed an American Indian village called "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina.. At the beginning of the 18th century, British merchants met the town of Cherokee named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in Monroe County, Tennessee today. The city is located on a river of the same name (now known as Little Tennessee River), and appeared on the map at the beginning of 1725. It is not known if this is the same town as found by Juan Pardo, although recent research has shown that "Tanasqui" Pardo is located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the Great River of France, near modern Newport.

The meaning and origin of the word is uncertain. Some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of the previous Yuchi word. It is said to mean "meeting place", "winding river", or "big bend river". According to ethnographer James Mooney, the name "can not be analyzed" and its meaning is lost.

The modern spelling, Tennessee , is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's "Draft of the Cherokee Country" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina invented "Tennessee County", the third county established in what is now called Central Tennessee. (Tennessee County is the precursor to Montgomery County and Robertson County today.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Region, it adopted "Tennessee" as the country's name.

Nickname

Tennessee is known as The Volunteer State , a nickname that was claimed to have been obtained during the War of 1812 because of the important role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ about the origin of state nicknames; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia, the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican-American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 national volunteers at the start of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to Davy Crockett's death and plea by former Tennessee Governor and later Texas politician Sam Houston.

Maps Tennessee

Geography

Tennessee is bordered by eight other states: Kentucky and Virginia in the north; North Carolina to the east; Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south; Arkansas and Missouri on the Mississippi River to the west. Tennessee binds Missouri as a country bordering other states. The country is driven by the Tennessee River.

The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, located on the eastern border of Tennessee, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The country line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River in the Mississippi state line: 178 feet (54 m). The geographic center of the country is located in Murfreesboro.

The state of Tennessee is geographically, culturally, economically, and legally divided into three main divisions: East Tennessee, Central Tennessee, and West Tennessee. The state constitution allows no more than two judges from five members of the Tennessee Supreme Court to be from a Grand Division and the same rules apply to certain commissions and councils.

Tennessee has six major physiographic areas: Blue Ridge, Appalachian Ridge and Valley Region, Cumberland Plateau, Highland Rim, Nashville Basin, and Gulf Coastal Plain. Tennessee is home to most caves in the United States, with more than 10,000 documented caves to date.

East Tennessee

The Blue Ridge area is located on the eastern edge of Tennessee, bordering North Carolina. The Tennessee region is characterized by high mountains and steep terrain of the western Blue Ridge Mountains, divided into several subranges, the Great Smoky Mountains, the Bald Mountains, the Unicoi Mountains, the Unaka Mountains and the Roan Plateau and the Iron Mountains.

The average altitude of the Blue Ridge area is 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level. Clingmans Dome, the highest point of the state, is located in this region. The Blue Ridge region is never more than a sparsely populated population, and is currently largely protected by the Cherokee National Forest, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and several federal wilderness and state park areas.

Stretching west of Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley area, where many tributaries combine to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. The area of ​​Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by forested mountains, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western part of the Tennessee Valley, where the depression becomes wider and the ridge becomes lower, called the Great Valley. In this valley are many cities and two out of three urban areas, Knoxville, the third largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the fourth largest city in the state. The third urban area, Tri-Cities, consisting of Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their neighborhood, is located northeast of Knoxville.

The Cumberland Plateau goes west of the Tennessee Valley; this area is covered with flat mountains separated by a sharp valley. The height of the Cumberland Plateau ranges from 1,500 to about 2,000 feet (460 to about 610 m) above sea level.

East Tennessee has several important transport links with Central and Western Tennessee, as well as the entire nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Metropolitan Chattanooga Airport (CHA), as well as Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI) Tri-Cities, provide air services to various destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75 and I-26 along with many state highways and other major roads, cross the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Tri-Cities, other cities and cities such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.

Middle Tennessee

The western part of the Cumberland Plateau is the Highland Rim, the plateau that surrounds the Nashville Basin. The northern part of the Highland Rim, known for its high tobacco production, is sometimes called the Pennyroyal Plateau; it is located mainly in southwest Kentucky. The Basin in Nashville is characterized by a fertile and fertile agricultural country as well as an incredible diversity of wildlife.

Central Tennessee was the general goal of settlers crossing the Appalachians of Virginia in the late 18th and early 19th century. An important trade route called the Natchez Trails, created and used for many generations by American Indians, connects Middle Tennessee to the lower Natchez city of Mississippi River. The Natchez Trace route is used as a base for a beautiful highway called the Natchez Trace Parkway.

Some of the big remaining American chestnut trees are grown in this region. They are used to help breed pest-resistant trees.

Central Tennessee is one of the major state population and transportation centers along with the heart of the state government. Nashville (the capital), Clarksville, and Murfreesboro are the largest cities. Fifty percent of the US population is within 600 miles (970 km) of Nashville. Interstate I-24, I-40, and I-65 serve the Division, meeting in Nashville.

West Tennessee

The western part of the Highland Rim and Basin Nashville is the Gulf Coast Plain, which includes the Mississippi embayment. The Gulf Coastal Plain is, in terms of areas, the dominant land area in Tennessee. It is part of a large geographic land area that begins in the Gulf of Mexico and extends north to southern Illinois. In Tennessee, the Gulf Coast Plain is divided into three sections stretching from the Tennessee River in the east to the Mississippi River to the west.

The eastern part, about 10 miles (16 km) wide, consists of hilly terrain that runs along the west bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow plains is a vast area of ​​hills and rivers stretching along the road to the Mississippi River; this area is called Tennessee Bottoms or ground. In Memphis, Tennessee Bottoms ends on a steep cliff overlooking the river. To the west of Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plateau, less than 300 feet (91 m) above sea level. The lowland, flood plain, and marshland are sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is West Tennessee's economic center.

Much of West Tennessee remained Indian soil until Cage Chickasaw in 1818, when Chickasaw surrendered their land between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River. Part of the Chickasaw Cession located in Kentucky is known today as the Jackson Purchase.

Public land

Areas under the control and management of the National Park Service include the following:

• Andrew Johnson National Historic Site at Greeneville
• Appalachian National App Trail
• Big South Fork National Recreation and River Area
• Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Parks
• Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
• Foothills Parkway
• Fort Donelson National Battlefield and Fort Donelson National Cemetery near Dover
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park
• Natchez Trace Parkway
• Obed Wild and Scenic River near Wartburg
• National History Trail of Overmountain Victory
• Shiloh National Cemetery and Shiloh National Military Park near Shiloh
• Stones River National Battlefield and Stones River National Cemetery near Murfreesboro
• Trail of Tears National Historic Trail

Fifty-four state parks, covering about 132,000 acres (530 km ² ) as well as parts of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Cherokee National Forest, and Cumberland Gap National Historical Park are in Tennessee. Athletes and visitors attracted to Reelfoot Lake, originally formed by the New York earthquake of 1811-12; The stumps and remnants of dense forests, along with the lotus beds that covered the shallow waters, gave the lake a frightening beauty.

Climate

Most countries have a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a temperate or humid climate because of cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the Tennessee climate, with the wind from the south responsible for most of the country's annual precipitation. Generally, states have hot summers and cool, cool winters with abundant rainfall throughout the year, with the highest average monthly rainfall generally in winter and spring, between December and April. The driest month, on average, is August to October. The average country receives 50 inches (130 cm) of rainfall each year. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 16 inches (41 cm) in higher mountains in East Tennessee.

Summer in the state is generally hot and humid, with most countries averaging about 90 ° F (32 ° C) during the summer. Winter tends to cool to cool, increasing coolness at higher altitudes. Generally, for areas beyond the highest mountains, the overnight lows are almost near the freezing point for most states. The highest temperature recorded 113 Â ° F (45 Â ° C) in Perryville on August 9, 1930, while the lowest temperature was recorded -32 Â ° F (-36 Â ° C) in Mountain City on December 30, 1917.

While the country is far enough away from the coast to avoid the immediate impact of the cyclone, the location of the country makes it likely to be affected by the remnants of tropical cyclones that weaken the land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. State an average section of about 50 days of lightning storms per year, some of which can be severe with heavy hail and destructive winds. Tornadoes are possible across the state, with the most vulnerable Western and Central Tennessee. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as a tornado devastating April 2011 that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the country has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in a percentage of total tornadoes that are fatal. The winter storm was an occasional problem, like the infamous Blizzard in 1993, although an ice storm was more likely. Fog is a persistent problem in some parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

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Large city

The capital and largest city is Nashville, although Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro all function as the capital of the country in the past. The 13-county metropolitan area of ​​Nashville has been the largest country since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the country near the Great Smoky Mountains, each have about a third of the Memphis or Nashville population. The city of Clarksville is the fifth significant population hub, 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth largest city in Tennessee, made up of 108,755 inhabitants.

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History

Initial history

The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of cultural groups that inhabit the area between the first settlement and European contact time are unknown, but several different cultural stages have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000-1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC-1000 AD), and Mississippian (1000-1600 AD), the chiefdom is the forerunner of the Muscogee community culture that inhabits the Tennessee River Valley before the Cherokee migrates upstream.

The first recorded European visit to what is now Tennessee is three expeditions led by the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from the local Indian village , which evolved into the current state of the country. At that time, Tennessee was populated by Muscogees and Yuchis. Perhaps because of the European disease that destroyed the Indian tribes, which would leave a population vacuum, and also from the extension of European settlement in the north, Cherokee moved south from what is now Virginia. When the European colonies spread to the area, the Indian population was forced to flee south and west, including all Muscogees and Yuchi, Chickasaw and Choctaw, and finally, Cherokee in 1838.

The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the South Carolina colony at Fort Loudoun, near the current Vonore. Fort Loudoun became England's outpost on that date. The castle was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and was built by troops under the English Captain Raymond DemerÃÆ' ©. Upon completion, Captain Raymond DemerÃÆ'  © released the command on 14 August 1757, to his brother, Captain Paul DemerÃÆ' ©. Hostilities erupted between Britain and neighbors Overhill Cherokees, and the Fort Loudoun siege ended with his surrender on 7 August 1760. The next morning, Captain Paul Demerà ©  © and a number of his men were killed in ambush nearby, and most of the remaining garrison captured prisoners.

In the 1760s, long hunters from Virginia roamed much of East and Central Tennessee, and the first permanent European settlers began arriving in the decades. Most of the 18th century settlers were British or mainly British descent but almost 20% of them were also Scotch-Irish. The settlers formed the Watauga Association, a community built on rented land from the Cherokee community.

During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga in Shoals Sycamore (now Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and its belligerent faction of Cherokee which was aligned with the British Loyalists. This apostate Cherokee is referred to by the settlers as Chickamauga. They opposed the annexation of North Carolina in the Washington District and the transitional detention of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers avoided the initial warrior attack through the cousin of Dragging Canoe's cousin Nancy Ward. The border fortress on the banks of the Watauga River then serves as a staging area of ​​1780 for Overmountain Men in preparation for the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and then defeat the British Army at Kings Mountain Battle in South Carolina.

The three districts of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) quit the North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Attempts to gain admission to the Union failed, and the district (now number eight) rejoined North Carolina in 1789. North Carolina handed the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the Southwest Region. In an attempt to encourage settlers to move west to the new territory, in 1787 the North Carolina state lady ordered the road to be cut to bring settlers to the Cumberland Settlements - from the southern tip of Clinch Mountain (in East Tennessee) to French Lick (| Nashville). The Trace is called "North Carolina Road" or "Avery's Trace", and sometimes "The Wilderness Road" (though not to be confused with Daniel Boone's "Wilderness Road" via the Cumberland Gap).

Statehood (1796)

Tennessee was accepted in the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first country created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Third Colony, only Vermont and Kentucky first became state of Tennessee, and there was never any federal territory. The Tennessee State Constitution, Article I, Section 31, states that the starting point for identifying the boundary is the extreme height of Stone Mountain, where the Virginia line cuts it, and essentially runs the extreme highs of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains that separate North Carolina from Tennessee passing through the Cowee and Old Chota Indian cities, then along the mountain's main ridge (Mount Unicoi) to the southern border of the country; all territories, lands and waters located west of the line fall within the boundaries and boundaries of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also states that the boundaries and jurisdiction of the state will include future land acquisition, references to possible land trade with other countries, or the acquisition of territories from the western Mississippi River.

During the administration of US President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees - along with about 2,000 black slaves belonging to Cherokees - were removed from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and forced by the US military to line up from "emigration depots" in East Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) to further Indian territory west of Arkansas (now the state of Oklahoma). During this relocation estimated 4,000 Cheroke died along the way to the west. In Cherokee, this event is called Nunna daul Isunyi - "The Path Where We Cry." The Cherokee family is not the only American Indian forced to emigrate as a result of India's abolition efforts in the United States, so the phrase "Teardrops" is sometimes used to refer to similar events experienced by other American Indians, especially among them. "Five Civilized Tribes". This phrase is derived from the earlier Choctaw descriptions of the emigration.

Civil War and Reconstruction

In February 1861, separatists in the Tennessee state government - led by Governor Isham Harris - sought voter approval for a convention to break ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected a referendum with a 54-46% margin. The strongest opposition to secession comes from East Tennessee (which then tries to form a separate Union-Union state). Following the Confederate's attack on Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other countries in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted a regulation of secession to the General Assembly, and made a direct offer to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter the military league with the Confederate State on 7 May 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Central Tennessee having significantly changed their positions, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last country to do so.

Many of the great American Civil War battles took place in Tennessee - largely Union wins. Ulysses S. Grant and the US Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They resisted a Confederate counter-attack in Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to Union in June, after a sea battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city. The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the western and central controls; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the next Tullahoma Campaign.

The Confederacy held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiments there, with the exception of Sullivan County's highly pro-Confederation. The Confederacy, led by General James Longstreet, attacked Burn Burner General Burnington in Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to the East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederate besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in the early autumn of 1863, but was encouraged by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Tennessee Army from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat in Chattanooga.

The last major battle occurred when the Confederate invaded Central Tennessee in November 1864 and was examined in Franklin, then completely dissolved by George Thomas in Nashville in December. Meanwhile, civilian Andrew Johnson was appointed the country's military governor by President Abraham Lincoln.

When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. So Tennessee is not one of the states mentioned in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation does not free the slaves there. Nevertheless, enslaved African Americans have fled to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union forces. Thousands of former slaves eventually fought on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total throughout South Korea.

The Tennessee legislature approved an amendment to the state constitution that prohibited slavery on February 22, 1865. Voters in the state approved an amendment in March. It also ratified the Third Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (abolition of slavery in every state) on 7 April 1865.

In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's killing in 1865. Under Johnson's re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the breakaway states to have elected members re-elected to the US Congress, July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee has ratified the Fourth Amendment Twelve, it was the only formerly secessionist state that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.

After the end of formal Reconstruction, the struggle for power in the South continues. Through violence and intimidation against their free men and allies, the White Democrats regained political power in Tennessee and other countries throughout the South in the late 1870s and 1880s. Over the next decade, state legislatures passed increasingly restrictive legislation to control African Americans. In 1889, the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform, with a cumulative effect that essentially deprived most African Americans of the rural and small towns, as well as many poor whites. Legislation includes the implementation of electoral taxes, registration times, and listing requirements. Tens of thousands of citizens are paying taxes without representation for decades into the 20th century. The revocation legislation accompanies the Jim Crow legislation passed in the late nineteenth century, which enacts a separation in the state. In 1900, African-Americans accounted for nearly 24% of the state population, and numbered 480,430 people who mostly lived in the central and western parts of the state.

In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its centennial state (albeit a year late from its 1896 birthday) with a great exposition in Nashville. Full-scale replica Parthenon was built for celebration, located in Centennial Park which is now Nashville.

20th century

On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the thirty-sixth and final state necessary to ratify the United Nations' 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which grants women the right to vote. The voter registration requirement that deprives of suffrage continues to make the most of African Americans and many poor whites, both men and women, regardless of the voter list.

The need to create jobs for the unemployed during the Great Depression, the desire for rural electrification, the need to control the annual spring floods and increase the delivery capacity on the Tennessee River were the factors that encouraged the formation of the federal Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in 1933. the TVA project, Tennessee is rapidly becoming the largest public utility supplier in the country.

During World War II, the abundant availability of TVA power led to the Manhattan Project to locate one of the key locations for the production and isolation of weapons-powered fissile materials in East Tennessee. The planned community of Oak Ridge is built from scratch to provide accommodation for facilities and workers. These sites are now Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Y-12 National Security Complex, and East Tennessee Technology Park.

Despite the recognized effect of limiting voting by poor whites, successive legislatures extend the range of bribery laws until they cover the state. Political scientist V. O. Key, Jr. argued in 1949 that:

... the size of the voting tax does not preclude voting as much as the inconvenience of paying it. District officials arrange voting by allowing them to pay taxes (as they did in Knoxville), or vice versa by making payments as difficult as possible. Such tax manipulations, and therefore voting, create opportunities for the rise of urban bosses and political machinery. City politicians bought large amounts of tax receipts and distributed them to blacks and whites, who then voted as instructed.

In 1953, state lawmakers reformed the country's constitution, abolishing the electoral tax. In many areas, blacks and whites are still subjected to subjectively applied barriers to unfinished voter registration until after the issuance of national civil rights laws, including the 1965 Constitution Act.

Tennessee celebrated its two-year anniversary in 1996. With a state-of-the-art anniversary entitled "Tennessee 200", he opened a new state park (Bicentennial Mall) at the foot of Capitol Hill in Nashville.

The country has experienced major disasters, such as the Great Train Wreck in 1918, one of the worst car accident in US history, and the explosion of Sultana on the Mississippi River near Memphis, the deadliest maritime disaster in the US. history.

21st century

In 2002, businessman Phil Bredesen was elected as the 48th governor in January 2003. Also in 2002, Tennessee changed the state constitution to allow for the formation of the lottery. Bob Corker of Tennessee was the only new Republican elected to the United States Senate in the midterm elections of 2006. The state constitution was changed to reject same-sex marriage. In January 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected Chairman of the State Senate since Reconstruction, as a result of the rearrangement of Democrats and Republicans in the South since the late 20th century, with Republicans now elected by conservative voters, who had previously supported Democrats.

In 2010, during the 2010 midterm election, Bill Haslam was elected to replace Bredesen, who has limited time limits, to become Tennessee's 49th Governor in January 2011. In April and May 2010, floods in Central Tennessee devastated Nashville and parts other than central Tennessee. In 2011, parts of East Tennessee, including Hamilton County and Apison in Bradley County, were destroyed by the outbreak of the April 2011 tornado.

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Demographics

The US Census Bureau estimates that the Tennessee population is 6,715,984 on July 1, 2017, an increase of 369,689 people since the 2010 US Census, or 5.8%. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 124,385 people (ie 584,236 births minus 459,851 deaths), and an increase from net migration of 244,537 people to the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 66,412 people, and domestic migration resulted in a net increase of 178,125 people.

Twenty percent of Tennesses were born outside of South Korea in 2008, compared with 13.5% in 1990. In recent years, Tennessee has accepted the influx of people who moved from California, Florida, and some northern states for living expenses low, and the healthcare industry and cars are booming. Metropolitan Nashville is one of the fastest growing areas in the country due to some of these factors.

The Tennessee Population Center is located in Rutherford County, in the city of Murfreesboro.

At the 2010 census, the composition of the races of the inhabitants of Tennessee is as follows:

In the same year 4.6% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino descent (they may be any race).

In 2000, the five most frequently reported self-reported ethnic groups in the state were: America (17.3%), African Americans (13.0%), Ireland (9.3%), UK (9.1%), and Germany (8.3%). Most Tennesses who identify themselves as Americans are British and Scottish-Irish. It is estimated that 21-24% of the Tennesses are the ancestors of most British people. In 1980, the 1,435,147 census, the Tennesseans claimed the "British" or "most British" ancestry of the state population of 3,221.354 made them 45% of the country at the time.

According to the 2010 census, 6.4% of the Tennessee population are reported to be under 5 years old, 23.6% below 18, and 13.4% are 65 or older. Women comprise about 51.3% of the population.

On June 19, 2010, the Tennessee Indian Affairs Commission granted state recognition to six Indian tribes who were later deprived by the state Attorney General because the action by the commission was illegal. The tribes are as follows:

• Cherokee Wolf Clan in western Tennessee, with members in Carroll County, Benton, Decatur, Henderson, Henry, Weakley, Gibson, and Madison districts.
• The Chikamaka Band, based on history at South Cumberland Plateau, is said to have members in Franklin, Grundy, Marion, Sequatchie, Warren, and County Coffee.
• Central Band of Cherokee, also known as Cherokee in Lawrence County, Tennessee.
• United Nations Lenapee United States in Winfield, Tennessee.
• Tanasi Council, said to have members in Shelby, Dyer, Gibson, Humphreys and Perry County; and
• Remnant Yuchi Nation, with members at Sullivan, Carter, Greene, Hawkins, Unicoi, Johnson, and Washington counties.

Birth data

In 2011, 36.3% of Tennessee's population younger than age 1 was a minority.

Note: Births in the tables do not increase, as Hispanic people are well-regarded by their ethnicities and by their race, giving a higher overall figure.

Since 2016, Hispanic Hispanic data are not collected, but are included in a group of Hispanic ; Hispanic people may come from any race.

Religion

Tennessee religious affiliation in 2014:

• Christian: 81%
  • Protestants: 73%
    • Evangelical Protestants: 52%
    • Mainline protestant: 13%
    • Protestant Black History: 8%
  • Roman Catholics: 6%
  • Mormon: 1%
  • Orthodox Christians: & lt; 1%
  • Other Christian (including unspecified "Christian" and "Protestant"): & lt; 1%
• Islam: 1%
• Jews: 1%
• Other religion: 3%
• Non-religion: 14%
  • Atheist: 1%
  • Agnostic: 3%
  • Specifically there is no: 11%

The largest denominations with the number of followers in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,483,356; United Methodist Church with 375,693; Roman Catholic Church with 222.343; and Churches of Christ with 214.118.

On January 1, 2009, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 43,179 members, 10 stake, 92 Congregations (68 wards and 24 branches), two missions, and two temples in Tennessee.

Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations, such as the National Baptist Convention (based in Nashville); The Lord's Church in Christ and the Presbyterian Church of Cumberland (both based in Memphis); The Church of God and the Church of the Lord of Prophethood (both headquartered in Cleveland). The Free Will Baptist denomination is based in Antioch; the main campus of the Bible is in Nashville. The Southern Baptist Convention maintains its headquarters in Nashville. The denominational publishing house is located in Nashville.

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Economy

According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2011, Tennessee's real gross state product was $ 233,997 billion. In 2003, personal per capita income was $ 28,641, 36 in this country, and 91% of personal per capita income was $ 31,472. In 2004, the average household income was $ 38,550, 41 in the country, and 87% of the national median was $ 44,472.

For 2012, the country has an asset surplus of $ 533 million, one of only eight countries in the country reporting surpluses.

Major outputs for the country include textiles, cotton, cattle, and electric power. Tennessee has more than 82,000 farms, about 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle. Although cotton was an early plant in Tennessee, large-scale fiber cultivation did not begin until the 1820s with land clearing between Tennessee and the Mississippi River. The upper part of the Mississippi Delta extends to southwest Tennessee, and in this fertile section the cotton holds. Soy is also widely grown in West Tennessee, focusing on the northwest corner of the state.

Big companies with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone, and International Paper, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group, based in Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, based in Kingsport; Nissan Motor Company headquarters in North America, based in Franklin; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial, based in Nashville; and Unum, based in Chattanooga. Tennessee is also the site of a Volkswagen assembly plant in Chattanooga, a $ 2 billion polysilicon production facility by Wacker Chemie in Bradley County, and a $ 1.2 billion polysilicon production facility by Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville.

Tennessee is the right to work the state, as are most of the neighbors in the South. Unionization is historically low and steadily declining as is common in the US. In May 2016, the country had an unemployment rate of 4.3%. By 2015, 16.7% of Tennessee's population lives below the poverty line, which is higher than the national average of 14.7%.

Tax

Tennessee's Hall income tax does not apply to salaries and wages, but most dividends and interest may be taxed. Tax rate is 6% from 1937 to 2016 but 3% for fiscal year 2018 and is set to drop to zero in 2021. The first annual income of $ 1,250 and a combined $ 2,500 joint income is exempt from this tax.

The rate of sale and use of state taxes for most items is 7%. Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25%, but sweets, dietary supplements and fast food are taxed at 7% full rate. Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions, with tariffs varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax to between 8.5% and 9.75%, one of the highest rates in the country.

Intangible property taxes are valued at stocks of shareholders of any lending company, investment company, insurance company or non-profit funeral company. The rating ratio is 40% of the value multiplied by the tax rate for the jurisdiction.

Tennessee imposes inheritance taxes on isthmuses that exceed a single maximum exemption limit ($ 1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter).

Tourism

Tourism contributes billions of dollars each year to the state economy and Tennessee is among the top 10 destinations in the US. In 2014, 100 million people visited countries that generated $ 17.7 billion in tourism-related spending in the state, up 6.3% over 2013; tax revenue from tourism is worth $ 1.5 billion. Every county in Tennessee sees at least $ 1 million of tourism while 19 counties receive at least $ 100 million (Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier County are the top three). The work generated by tourism for the country reached 152,900, an increase of 2.8%. International tourists to Tennessee accounted for $ 533 million in spending.

In the year 2013 tourism in the country of local residents accounted for 39.9% of tourists, the second highest origin for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia, accounting for 8.4% of tourists. Forty-four percent of residents in the state are "day trips", 25% stay one night, 15% stay two nights, and 11% stay 4 nights or more. The average stay was 2.16 nights, compared to 2.03 nights for the US as a whole. The average person spends $ 118 per day: 29% for transportation, 24% for food, 17% for accommodation, and 28% for shopping and entertainment.

Some of the main attractions in the state are: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Graceland, Dollywood, Beale Street, Pigeon Forge, Lower Broadway, Ryman Auditorium, Gaylord Opryland Resort, Lookout Mountain, Ocoee River, and Tennessee Aquarium.

src: moving.business

Culture

Music

Tennessee has played an important role in the development of various forms of American popular music, including rock and roll, blues, country, and rockabilly. Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues, with musicians like WC Handy performing at his clubs since 1909. Memphis is also home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich started their recording career, and where rock and roll formed in the 1950s. The recording sessions of Victor 1927 in Bristol generally marked the beginning of the country music genre and the emergence of the Grand Ole Opry of the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry. Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee's role in maintaining popular musical forms: Memphis Rock N 'Soul Museum, Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, and Rock-A-Billy International Museum in Jackson. In addition, Rockabilly Hall of Fame, an online site that recognizes the rockabilly developments in which Tennessee plays an important role, based in Nashville.

Literature

Sports

Tennessee is home to three major professional sports franchises: Tennessee Titans has been playing in the National Football League since 1997, the Memphis Grizzlies have been playing at the National Basketball Association since 2001, and Predator Nashville has been playing at the National Hockey League since 1998. Major League Soccer franchise scheduled will start playing in Nashville in 2020.

The country is also home to 14 teams playing in small leagues. Nine Little League Baseball teams call the country their home. Memphis Redbirds and Nashville Sounds, each Pacific Beach League, compete at the Triple-A level, the highest before Major League Baseball. The Chattanooga Lookouts, Jackson General, and Tennessee Smokies play in Double-A Southern League. The Elizabethton Twins, Greeneville Reds, Johnson City Cardinals, and Kingsport Mets are the Rookie League teams of the Appalachian League.

The Knoxville Ice Bears is a small league ice hockey team from the Southern Professional Hockey League. Nashville SC plays in United Soccer League. The Memphis team will join the USL in 2019. Three soccer teams compete in the National Premier Football League: Chattanooga FC, Knoxville Force, and Memphis City FC.

In Knoxville, the Volunteers Tennessee Volunteers team has been playing at the Southeastern Conference (SEC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since the conference was formed in 1932. The soccer team has won 13 SEC championships and 28 bowls, including four Sugar Bowls, three Cotton Bowls, Orange Bowl , and Fiesta Bowl. Meanwhile, the men's basketball team has won four SEC championships and reached the NCAA Elite Eight in 2010. In addition, the women's basketball team has won a number of regular SEC season titles and tournaments along with 8 national titles.

In Nashville, Vanderbilt Commodores is also a SEC charter member. The Tennessee-Vanderbilt football competition started in 1892, since it was played more than 100 times. In June 2014, the Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team won their first men's national championship by winning the 2014 Serial World Series.

The state has 10 other NCAA Division I programs. Two of them participate in the top level of college football, the Football Bowl Subdivision. The Memphis Tigers are members of the American Athletic Conference, and Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders from Murfreesboro play at the USA Conference. In addition to Commodores, Nashville is also home to Belmont Bruins and Tennessee State Tigers, both members of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC), and Lipscomb Bisons, members of the Atlantic Atlantic Conference. The state of Tennessee plays football in the second tier of Division I, the Football Championship Division (FCS), while Belmont and Lipscomb have no soccer teams. Belmont and Lipscomb have stiff competition in men and women basketball known as the Battle of the Boulevard, with the men's and women's teams both playing two games each season against each other (a rare feature among non-conference rivalries). OVC also includes Governor Austin Peay of Clarksville, Tennessee-Martin Skyhawks of Martin, and Tennessee Tech's Golden Eagles from Cookeville. All three of these schools, along with fellow members of Tennessee State OVC, play every season in football for Sgt. The York Trofi. The Chattanooga Mocs and East Tennessee State Buccaneers Johnson City are full members, including football, Southern Conference.

Tennessee is also home to Bristol Motor Speedway featuring NASCAR Cup Series racing two weekends a year, routinely selling over 160,000 seats on each date; it is also the home of the Nashville Superspeedway, which holds the Nationwide and IndyCar races until it closes in 2012. The Tennessee gallantry horse race, Iroquois Steeplechase, is also held in Nashville every May.

The FedEx St. Jude Classic is a PGA Tour golf tournament held in Memphis since 1958. The US National Indoor Tennis Championships have been held in Memphis since 1976 (male) and 2002 (women).

Sports team

src: cdn.vox-cdn.com

Transportation

Interstate highways

Interstate 40 crosses the country in a west-east orientation. Branches of interstate highways include I-240 in Memphis; I-440 in Nashville; I-840 in Nashville; I-140 from Knoxville to Alcoa; and I-640 in Knoxville. I-26, though technically an east-west interstate, runs from the North Carolina border under Johnson City to the terminal in Kingsport. I-24 is an east-west interstate that runs cross country from Chattanooga to Clarksville. In the north-south orientation are I-55, I-65, I-75, and I-81 highways. Interstate 65 crosses the country through Nashville, while Interstate 75 serves Chattanooga and Knoxville and Interstate 55 serves Memphis. Interstate 81 enters a state in Bristol and ends at the intersection with I-40 near Dandridge. I-155 is the branch highway of I-55. The only I-75 tollway in Tennessee is I-275, which is in Knoxville. When finished, I-69 will travel through the western part of the country, from South Fulton to Memphis. The interstate branch, I-269 also exists from Millington to Collierville.

Airport

The major airports in the state include the Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) outside Knoxville in Blount County, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI) , and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Since Memphis International Airport is a major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the largest air cargo operation in the world.

Railway

For passenger train services, Memphis and Newbern, served by the Amtrak City of New Orleans line on its way between Chicago, Illinois, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Nashville is served by Music City Star commuter train service.

The cargo service in Tennessee is primarily served by CSX Transportation, which has a backyard in Nashville called Radnor Yard. Norfolk Southern Railway operates a line in East Tennessee, through cities including Knoxville and Chattanooga, and operates a classification page near Knoxville, John Sevier Yard. BNSF operates the premier intermodal facility in Memphis.

src: tennessee.edu

Government

Similar to the United States Federal Government, the Tennessee government has three parts. The Executive Branch is headed by the governor of Tennessee, who holds office for a period of four years and can serve a maximum of two consecutive periods. The governor is the only elected official in the state. Unlike most states, the state does not elect the lieutenant governor directly; The Tennessee Senate selects Speakers, who function as lieutenant governor. The governor is supported by 22 cabinet-level departments, most headed by a commissioner serving in the governor's pleasure:

The Executive Branch also includes several institutions, boards and commissions, some of which are under the auspices of one of the cabinet-level departments.

The bicameral Legislative Branch, known as the Tennessee General Assembly, consists of a 33-member Senate and 99 members of the House of Representatives. The senator serves a four-year term, and members of the Board spend two years. Each room selects its own speaker. The state Senate speaker also holds a lieutenant-governor title. The constitutional official in the legislative branch is elected by a joint session of the legislature.

The highest court in Tennessee is the state Supreme Court. He has a Supreme Court Justice and four Supreme Court Justices. No more than two judges from the same Main Division. The Tennessee Supreme Court also appoints the Attorney General, a practice not found in any of the other 49 states. Both the Court of Appeals and the Criminal Appeal Court have 12 judges. A number of local, circuit, and federal courts provide court services.

The state constitution of Tennessee is currently adopted in 1870. The state has two previous constitutions. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee joined the union, and the second was adopted in 1834. The 1870 Constitution prohibited martial law in its jurisdiction. This may be the result of the experience of the inhabitants of Tennessee and other South citizens during the period of military control by Union forces (North) from the US government after the American Civil War.

Politics

Tennessee Politics, like most US states, is dominated by Republicans and Democrats. Historian Dewey W. Grantham traces the division in the state during the American Civil War period: for decades thereafter, the eastern third of the state is Republic and two thirds of the west voted Democrats. This division is related to the pattern of agriculture, plantation and slaveholding of the country. The eastern part consists of yeoman farmers, but Central and West Tennessee farmers cultivate crops such as tobacco and cotton that depend on the use of slave labor. These areas were defined as Democrats after the war.

During Reconstruction, liberated persons and former colored persons are given the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Many African Americans are elected to local offices, and some to state offices. After the Reconstruction, Tennessee continues to have competitive party politics; but in the 1880s, the white-dominated state government issued four laws, the latter imposing voting tax requirements for voter registration. It serves to deprive most of the African-Americans of their right, and their power in Republicans, states, and cities where they have a significant population is greatly reduced. In 1900, African Americans made up 23.8 percent of the state population, concentrated in Central and West Tennessee. In the early 1900s, the state legislature approved the form of government commissions for cities based on a large vote for several positions in the Commission Council; some adopted this as another way to limit African-American political participation. In 1913 the state legislature made laws allowing cities to adopt this structure without legislative approval.

After the deprivation of black rights, the Republican Party (GOP) in Tennessee is historically a sexy party supported by whites only in the eastern part of the state. In the 20th century, except for two landslides of the 1920s national republic (in 1920, when Tennessee supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox, and in 1928, when more firmly voted Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith, a Catholic), the state of the Solid South Democrats until the 1950s. In the postwar decade, he twice elected Republican Party Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II. Since then, more country voters have shifted to support the Republican Party, and Democratic presidential candidates have brought Tennessee only four times.

In 1960 African Americans made up 16.45% of the country's population. It was only after the mid-1960s and part of the Selecting Rights Act in 1965 that they were able to vote completely again, but new devices, such as the large city commission authorities, have been adopted in several jurisdictions to limit them. political participation. Former Governor Winfield Dunn and former US Senator Bill Brock won in 1970 helping to make Republicans competitive among whites for victory in the state. Tennessee has elected governors of various parties since 1970. The more the Republican Party has become a white conservative party.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Republican voters controlled most countries, especially in rural and suburban areas outside the city; The power of democracy is largely confined to the city's core of the four major cities, and especially strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis. The last area includes a large African-American population. Historically, Republicans had their greatest power in East Tennessee before the 1960s. The 1st and 2nd congressional districts in Tennessee, based in Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are some of the historic districts of the Republic in the South. The district's population supported the Society of Confederates during the Civil War; they identified with the GOP after the war and remained with the party ever since. The first has been in the hands of the Republic continuously since 1881, and the Republicans (or their predecessors) have held it for all except four years since 1859. The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their predecessors since 1859.

In the 2000 presidential election, Vice President Al Gore, a US Democratic Senator from Tennessee, failed to bring his home country, an unusual event but indicated the strengthening of Republican support. Republican George W. Bush received increased support in 2004, with his winning margin in the country rising from 4% in 2000 to 14% in 2004. The presidential candidates from the Southern states (such as Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton)) typically fare better than their counterparts in the North in Tennessee, especially among the separate ticket-voters outside the metropolitan area.

Tennessee sent nine members to the US House of Representatives, among them seven Republicans and two Democrats. Lt. Gov. Ron Ramsey is the first Republican state speaker in 140 years. In the 2008 election, Republicans controlled both Tennessee state legislatures for the first time since the Reconstruction. In 2008, about 30% of the country's voters were identified as independent.

The Baker v. Carr (1962) the decision of the US Supreme Court set the principle of "one person, one vote", requires state legislatures to reduce to bring the division of Congress according to the ten-year census. It also requires both state legislative assemblies to be based on the population for representation and not geographic districts such as districts. The case arises from a lawsuit challenging the long-standing rural bias of the seat division of the Tennessee legislature. After decades where urban populations have been under-represented in many state legislatures, this significant decision led to an increase (and proportionate) advantage in the country's politics by urban and, finally, suburbs, legislators and power-holders throughout the state in relation with their population within the state. The ruling also applies to many other countries long controlled by rural minorities, such as Alabama, Vermont, and Montana.

Law enforcement

Country agency

The state of Tennessee maintains four special law enforcement agencies: Tennessee Highway Patrol, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA), Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI), and Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC).

The Highway Patrol is a major enforcement entity that concentrates on road safety regulations and law enforcement of non-wildlife states and is under the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Department of Security. TWRA is an independent institution assigned to enforce all wildlife, boating and fishery regulations outside state parks. TBI has an advanced investigative facility and is a major state-level criminal investigation department. Tennessee State Park Rangers is responsible for all activities and enforcement within the Tennessee State Parks system.

Local

Local law enforcement is divided between County Sheriff's Office and Municipal Police Department. The Tennessee Constitution requires every County to have the Sheriff elected. In 94 of 95 counties, the Sheriff is the principal law enforcement officer in the county and has jurisdiction over the county as a whole. Each Sheriff Office is responsible for the warrant service, court security, prison operations and major law enforcement in unrelated areas of an area as well as providing support to the city police department. The incorporated cities must maintain the police department to provide police services within their company boundaries.

Three counties in Tennessee to adopt the metropolitan government have taken a different approach to resolving the conflict given the Metro government to the requirement to have the Sheriff elected.

• Nashville/Davidson County changed the full law enforcement duty to Metro Nashville Chief of Police. In this case the Sheriff is no longer the primary law enforcement officer for Davidson County. The Sheriff Davidson County Duties focus on the warrant and prison operations. The head of the Metropolitan Police is the premier law enforcement officer and the Metropolitan Police Department provides major law enforcement for the entire region.
• Lynchburg/Moore County takes a much more approach

  Source of the article : Wikipedia