Counterfeit money is a counterfeit currency produced without legal sanction from the state or government. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery. Counterfeiting is almost as old as the money itself. Plated copies (known as FourrÃÆ' Â © es) have been found from Lydian coins that are considered to be among the first western coins. Before the introduction of banknotes, the most common method of counterfeiting was the mixing of base metals with pure gold or silver. A form of forgery is the production of documents by a valid printer in response to fraudulent instructions. During World War II, the Nazis faked the British pound and the American dollar. Today some of the best counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality and resemblance to the actual US dollar. There have been counterfeiting of significant euro coins and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002, but far less than for the US dollar.
Some of the adverse effects of counterfeit money on society include reducing real money values; and price increases (inflation) because more money circulates in the economy - an increase in unauthorized money supply; decreased receipt of banknotes; and losses, when traders are not replaced of counterfeit money detected by the bank, even if it is confiscated.
Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures include fine detail with increased intaglio printing on bills that allow non-experts to easily find forgery. On coins, milled or reeds (marked with parallel grooves) the edges are used to indicate that no precious metal has been scraped.
Video Counterfeit money
History
Counterfeiting is as old as the money itself, and quite common throughout history to be called "the second oldest profession in the world." Coinage of money begins in the Greek city of Lydia around 600 BC. Before the introduction of banknotes, the most common method of counterfeiting was the mixing of base metals with pure gold or silver. The usual practice is to "shave" the ends of a coin. This is known as "clipping." Precious metals collected in this way can be used to produce fake coins. A fourrÃÆ' Â © e is an ancient type of fake coin, in which the base metal core has been coated with precious metal resembling its dense metal counterpart.
When paper money was introduced in China in the 13th century, mulberry trees were used to make money. To control access to paper, the guards were placed around the mulberry forest, while counterfeiters were executed.
In the 13th century Mastro Adamo was mentioned by Dante Alighieri as a Florentine fiorino forger, executed by hanging. The British couple Thomas and Anne Rogers were convicted on October 15, 1690 for "cutting off 40 pieces of Silver." Thomas Rogers was hanged, stretched and mutilated while Anne Rogers was burned alive. The evidence provided by an informant led to the recent arrest of King Hartley, who was executed by hanging in 1770. The extreme form of punishment was imposed for treason against the state or the Crown, not a simple crime.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Irish immigrants to London were specifically linked to fake (excluding) fake money, while local residents were more likely to participate in the form of safer and more profitable currency crimes, which could take place behind locked. door. This includes making fake money and selling it wholesale.
Similarly, in America, the colonial paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin and others often contains the phrase "for false is death." The theory behind such harsh punishment is that a person who has the skills to forge currency is considered a threat to the security of the State, and must be eliminated. Another explanation is the fact that spending people's trustworthy money is an economic necessity, as well as the prerogatives of the Kingdom (if applicable); Therefore counterfeiting is a crime against the state or the ruler itself, not against the person receiving the counterfeit money. Much more fortunate was an early practitioner of the same art, active during the time of Emperor Justinian. Instead of executing Alexander the Barber, the Emperor chose to use his talents in his own government service.
Countries have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to flood the enemy's economy with counterfeit banknotes, so the real value of money slumps. The British did this during the American Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. Counterfeiters for Britain are known as "shovers," probably because of the ability to "push" counterfeit currencies into the circulation. Two of the most famous attacks for Britain during the Revolutionary War were David Farnsworth and John Blair. They were arrested with 10,000 dollars in counterfeit goods when arrested. George Washington paid personal attention in their case and even called for them to be tortured to find more information. They were finally hanged for their crimes.
During the American Civil War, the US Confederate dollar was faked by personal interests on the Union side, often without sanctions from the Union government in Washington. Confederate access to modern printing technology is limited while many Chinese-made imitations are printed on high-quality banknotes obtained through extralegal means. As a result, the fake South record is often equal or even superior in quality compared to the original Confederate money.
In 1834, fake copper coins produced in the United States were seized from several ships with American flags in Brazil. The exercise seemed to end thereafter.
Maps Counterfeit money
Instances
A form of forgery is the production of documents by a valid printer in response to fraudulent instructions. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the printer of the British paper Waterlow and Sons produced Banco de Portugal recorded a value equal to 0.88% of the nominal Gross Domestic Domestic Product of Portugal, with serial numbers identical to the existing banknotes, in response to a fraud committed by Alves dos Reis. Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the Icelandic Parliament Millennium, Althing, was compromised by the insertion of "1" in the print order, before the legitimate stamp value to produce (see postal stamps and history of Iceland.)
In 1926, a large lie scandal broke out in Hungary, when several people were arrested in the Netherlands while trying to get 10 million fake French francs with 1000 franc paper money produced in Hungary; after 3 years, state-sponsored counterfeit industrial operations have finally collapsed. The League of Nations investigation found the Hungarian motive was to avenge the post-World War I losses (to blame on Georges Clemenceau) and to use the advantages of a counterfeiting business to improve the militarist ideology, the border revisionist. Germany and Austria have an active role in conspiracy, which requires special machines. However, the quality of fake bills is still below the standard, due to the use of exotic raw paper material from France imported from its colonies.
During World War II, the Nazis sought to implement the same plan (Operation Bernhard) against the Allies. The Nazis took Jewish artists in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the forgery is very good, and it is almost impossible to distinguish between the original bill and the fake. Unable to enforce planned air droplets from counterfeiting over the UK, most records were discarded and not found until the 1950s.
Today some of the best counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality, and their resemblance to the real US dollar. The sources of the supernotes are disputed, with North Korea being verbally accused by US authorities. The number of United States counterfeit currency is estimated at less than $ 3 per $ 10,000, with less than $ 3 per $ 100,000 hard to detect.
There has been a rapid growth in counterfeiting of euro banknotes and coins since the launch of currency in 2002. In 2003, 551,287 fake euro banknotes and 26,191 euro bogus coins have been removed from the EU circulation. In 2004, French police confiscated counterfeit money of 10 euros and 20 euros worth a total of EUR1.8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 records had entered the circulation.
In the early years of the 21st century, the Secret Service of the United States has recorded a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged US currency, because counterfeiters turned their attention to the Euro.
A $ 50 and A $ 100 counterfeit bundles were released to Melbourne in Australia in July 2013. On July 12, 2013, 40 reports had been made between the northern suburbs of Heidelberg and Epping. A police spokesperson explained to the public in media reports that currency records were printed on paper (Australia introduced Polymer banknotes in 1988) and could be easily detected by squeezing the notes or tearing them. Additionally, a crystal clear window in the notes is also an easy way to identify fake versions, since "the window appears to have been cut with two clear plastic pieces that stick together with the star placed in the center to mimic the Southern Cross." Police also revealed that the fake records have been seized in June 2013 on the eastern and western outskirts of Melbourne. According to Australian RBA figures, during 2014-15, the amount of counterfeit currency of $ 50 detected in the circulation has more than doubled from the previous year, and more than 33,000 fake records have been removed from circulation. Officials believe this is likely a fraction of the amount of counterfeit currencies currently flooding through in the states of Victoria and NSW. On May 31, 2016, ACT police have warned people to keep an eye on the $ 50 counterfeit money, which has been circulating throughout Canberra in recent months. Officers have been summoned to over 35 businesses over the past two months in connection with counterfeit $ 50 bills. The Australian Federal Police have accused two people of accusing of generating $ 16,465 for counterfeit currency records and accusing them of various offenses under the Crime (Currency) Act 1981. Police say that Australian records are difficult to forge, with many security features. However, urging people to take a closer look every time they spend cash.
Effects on people
Some of the adverse effects of counterfeit money on society are:
- The company is not replaced for counterfeit goods. This forces them to raise commodity prices. Thus, there is a reduction in the value of money real .
- Price increases (inflation) due to more money being circulated in the economy - an increase in unauthorized counterfeit money supply.
- Decrease in the receipt (satisfaction) of money - the payee can request electronic transfer of the original money or payments in other currencies (or even payments in precious metals such as gold).
At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic impact of counterfeiting currency may not be significant. Microeconomic effects, such as confidence in currencies, however, may be substantial.
Anti-counterfeiting actions
Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures include fine detail with increased intaglio printing on bills that allow non-experts to easily find forgery. On coins, milled or reeds (marked with parallel grooves) the edges are used to indicate that no precious metal has been scraped. It detects shaving or clippings (peeler) from the edge of the coin. However, it does not detect sweat , or shake the coins in the bag and collect the dust produced. Because this technique eliminates smaller amounts, it is mainly used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. At the beginning of paper money in Colonial North America, one creative way to get in the way of counterfeiters is to print a leaf impression on the bill. Because the patterns found in the leaves are unique and complicated, it is almost impossible to reproduce.
At the end of the 20th century advances in computer and photocopy technology allowed people without advanced training to copy currencies with ease. In response, the national carving bureau began incorporating new, more sophisticated anti-forgery systems such as holograms, multi-color bills, embedded devices such as strips, micro prints, watermarks and inks that change color depending on the angle of light, and their use. design features like the "EURion constellation" that disables the modern copier. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to block the manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. There are also patches to counter these steps.
Recently, there are new test findings that can be used on US Federal Reserve Records to ensure that the bill is genuine. These tests are performed using an intrinsic fluorescence period. It is possible to detect counterfeit money because of the significance of the difference in fluorescence lifetime when compared to the original money.
For US currency, anti counterfeit milestones are as follows:
- The $ 100 1996 bill got a new design with larger portraits
- 1997 $ 50 bill gets new design with bigger portrait
- 1998 $ 20 bill gets new design with bigger portrait
- 2000 $ 10 bill and $ 5 bill get new design with bigger portrait
- 2003 $ 20 bill gets new design without oval around Andrew Jackson portrait and more colors
- 2004 $ 50 bill gets new design without oval around Ulysses S. Grant portrait and more colors
- The $ 10 bill of 2006 got a new design without an oval around Alexander Hamilton's portrait and more colors
- 2008 $ 5 bill gets a new design without ovals around the portrait of Abraham Lincoln and more colors
- The $ 100 bill of 2010 got a new, unaltered design around Benjamin Franklin's portrait and more colors
The redesigned $ 100 bill was inaugurated on April 21, 2010, and the Federal Reserve Board will start issuing new bills on February 10, 2011, but the waiver is postponed until October 2013.
The Treasury did not plan to redesign the $ 5 bill using color, but recently reversed its decision, after studying some of the counterfeiters who bleached the ink from the bill and printed it as a $ 100 bill. The new $ 10 bill (design revealed at the end of 2005) began to circulate on March 2, 2006. The $ 1 and $ 2 bills are seen by most counterfeiters because they have too low a value to forge, and therefore they have not been redesigned as often as denominations higher.
In the 1980s counterfeiting in the Republic of Ireland twice resulted in a sudden change in official documents: in November 1984 the post stamp worth  £ 1, also used on savings cards to pay for television licenses and phone bills, was canceled and replaced with other designs on notice some days, due to widespread forgery. Later, the Irish Bank B paper money of $ 20 was quickly replaced by what the Treasury called "the unintentional privatization of banknote printing."
In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong was placed on the Chinese People's Banknote to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognized better than the generic design on the renminbi record.
In 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia issued a long-lasting and durable copper bank in the world (with plastics), with a special $ 1 $ US paper bill. After the problem with the bill was discovered and resolved, in 1992 a free $ 5 money issue was issued. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full range of circulating polymer banknotes. On May 3, 1999, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand began circulating polymer notes printed by Note Printing Australia Limited. The developed technology is now used in 26 countries. Note Printing Australia currently prints polymer notes for 18 countries.
The art of money is a subject related to counterfeiting - it is an art that combines the design of a currency or theme. Some of these artworks are quite similar to actual bills being questioned legally. While copies are made with the intent of deceiving, the art of money does not; however, the law may or may not distinguish between them. JSG Boggs is an American artist famous for his copy of one-sided notes, which he sells for the nominal value of paper money.
The street artist Banksy is known for making 10 pounds of notes featuring Princess Diana's portraits on Queen's premises, while "Bank of England" is replaced by "Banksy of England". The artist's original intention was to throw him out of a building, but after several notes were dropped at a festival he found that they could pass for legal tender and change his mind. In 2012, Banksy still has all the currency worth a hundred million pounds.
In 2006, American artist Jack Daws hired metal craftsmen to make US pennies in 1970 and cast them in 18 carat gold. He then hired another metal craftsman to coat it, after which it looked like a regular penny. On March 28, 2007, Daws deliberately entered the "penny" that circulated at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The statue was found in Brooklyn two and a half years later by Jessica Reed, a graphic designer and coin collector, who realized it while paying for groceries at a local store. Reed eventually communicates with art dealers Daws in Seattle, Greg Kucera Gallery, and Daws insists that he has found a fake Penny statue.
Coaching money
In May 2017, the Australian currency training record (self-administered by Chinese banks in bank teller training) was briefly circulated in Darwin, Northern Territory, with seven cases reported by the Northern Territory Police on notes offered and taken as real money.. Note $ 100 (Australian Dollar) has Chinese characters printed on them, but instead has the color and nuance of real notes, and Chinese characters can be disguised when notes are folded. They have been sold through eBay, with no disclaimers for circulation. China also has a $ 50 ($ US) training money, which has previously appeared in the US.
See also
- Coin counterfeiting
- Copyright infringement
- Counterfeit goods
- Fake counter banknote detection
- Currency detector
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- International Convention for Counterfeiting Currency
- Money laundering
- Organized crime
- Russian Mafia
- Triad (underground organization)
- United States Secret Service
- Watermark
References
External links
Media related to counterfeit money in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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