The mobile phone , known as mobile in North America, is a portable phone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency connection while the user is moving in the service area phone. The radio frequency connects the connection to the switching system of the cell phone carrier, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile phone services use mobile network architecture, and therefore, mobile phones are called cell phones or phones , in North America. In addition to phones, the 2000 cell phone supports many other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, video games and digital photography. Phones that only offer these capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones that offer highly sophisticated computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
The first handheld mobile phone was exhibited by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper from Motorola in 1973, using a mobile phone weighing c. 2 pounds (4.4 lbs). In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first mobile network in Japan. In 1983, DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handset. From 1983 to 2014, cellular subscriptions worldwide grew by more than seven billion, penetrating nearly 100% of the global population and reaching even the bottom of the economic pyramid. In the first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone developers around the world were Samsung, Apple, and Huawei (and martphone sales represented 78 percent of total mobile phone sales). For feature phones (or "dumbphones") in 2016, the biggest ones are Samsung, Nokia, and Alcatel.
Video Mobile phone
Histori
A handheld mobile radio service is envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for "pocket-size folding phone with a very thin carbon microphone". Early predecessors of cell phones include analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephones began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. Progress in mobile phones has been tracked in successive "generations," beginning with early-generation zero (0G) services, such as the Bell System Mobile Phone Service and its successor, Improved Cellular Phone Service. This 0G system is not mobile, supported multiple simultaneous calls, and is very expensive.
The first handheld mobile phone was exhibited by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper from Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds). The first commercial automated mobile network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several other countries were followed in the early to mid-1980s. This first generation (1G) system can support much more simultaneous calls but still use analog cellular technology. In 1983, DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handset.
In 1991, second generation digital cell technology (2G) was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on GSM standards. This sparked competition in this sector as new operators challenged existing 1G network operators.
Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on WCDMA standards. This is followed by 3G 3.5G, 3G or 3G turbo enhancements based on the high speed packet access family (HSPA), which allows UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacities.
In 2009, it has become clear that, at some point, 3G networks will be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth intensive applications, such as streaming media. As a result, the industry began searching for fourth-generation data-optimized technology, with the promise of speed increases up to ten times that of existing 3G technologies. The first two commercial technologies billed as 4G are the WiMAX standards, offered in North America by Sprint, and LTE standards, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
Maps Mobile phone
Type
Smartphone
Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features. The International Telecommunication Union measures those with an internet connection, which they call the Mobile-Broadband Active subscription (which includes tablets, etc.). In developed countries, smartphones have now surpassed the use of previous mobile systems. However, in developing countries, they account for about 50% of mobile phones.
Intermediate phone
A medium-sized phone is a term usually used as a retronym to describe phones that have limited capabilities, unlike modern smartphones. Phone features typically provide voice dialing and text messaging functions, in addition to basic multimedia and Internet capabilities, and other services offered by wireless service providers. The feature phone has additional functionality above and above the basic phone which is only capable of making voice calls and text messages. Medium and basic phones tend to use custom designed software and user interfaces. In contrast, smartphones generally use mobile operating systems that often share common features across devices.
- Kosher Phone
There are restrictions on Orthodox Judaism that, with some interpretations, the standard cell phone goes overboard. To solve this problem, some rabbinical organizations have recommended that phones with text messaging capabilities can not be used by children. Phones with limited features are known as kosher phones and have rabbinical approval for use in Israel and elsewhere by devout Orthodox Jews. Although this phone is meant to prevent immodesty, some vendors are reporting good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the device. Some phones are approved for use by important workers (such as health, safety, and public service workers) on the Sabbath, although the use of electrical devices is generally prohibited during this time.
Hardware
Common components found in all phones are:
- Battery, provides resources for phone functions.
- Input mechanism to allow users to interact with the phone. This is the keypad for feature phones and touch screens for most smartphones.
- A screen that echoes user typing, and displays text messages, contacts, and more.
- Basic mobile phone service to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
- All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow accounts to be swapped between devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called R-UIM.
- GSM Individuals, WCDMA, iDEN, and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by the ID number of the International Mobile Device Identity (IMEI).
Lower class phones are often referred to as feature phones and offer basic telephony. Phones with more sophisticated computing capabilities through the use of native software applications are known as smartphones.
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In sound, smart phones and feature phones are slightly different. Some audio quality improvement features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have emerged and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to phone design, mobile network quality and the compression algorithms used in long distance calls. Audio quality can be improved using VoIP applications over WiFi. The phone has a small speaker so users can use the speakerphone feature and talk to someone on the phone without holding it in their ears. Small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with audio components, without bringing the phone to the ear.
Battery and battery life
The average phone battery lasts the longest 2-3 years. Many wireless devices use Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries, which charge 500-2500 times, depending on how the user takes care of the battery and the charging techniques used. It is natural for these rechargeable batteries for chemical age, which is why the battery performance when used for a year or two will start to deteriorate. The battery life can be extended by draining it regularly, not overcharging, and keeping it away from the heat.
SIM card
The GSM feature phone requires a small microchip called the Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, to work. The SIM card is about the size of a small stamp and is usually placed under the battery at the rear of the unit. SIM securely stores customer service keys (IMSI) and K i that are used to identify and authenticate mobile phone users. The SIM card allows the user to change the phone by simply removing the SIM card from one phone and putting it into another phone or broadband phone device, provided it is not prevented by the SIM lock. The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich Giesecke smart card & amp; Devrient for Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.
Hybrid phones can store up to four SIM cards, with the phone having an IMEI per SIM Card. SIM and R-UIM cards can be combined together to allow accessible GSM and CDMA networks. Starting from 2010 onwards, such phones are becoming popular in emerging markets, and this is attributed to the desire to get the lowest on-net call rate.
Infrastructure
The phone communicates with the cell tower placed to provide coverage in the phone service area that is divided into 'cells'. Each cell uses different frequency units of neighboring cells, and will usually be covered by 3 towers placed in different locations. Cell towers are usually interconnected with each other and telephone and internet networks with cable connections. Due to bandwidth limitations each cell will have the maximum number of phones that can be handled at once. Therefore sized cells depend on the expected density of use, and may be much smaller in cities. In this case a much lower transmitter power is used to avoid broadcasting outside the cell.
When the phone moves, the phone will "off hand" - automatically disconnect and reconnect to the tower that gives the best reception.
In addition, the short-range Wi-Fi infrastructure is often used by as many smartphones as possible because it moves traffic from a cellular network to a local area network.
Software
Text messaging
The common data app on the phone is the short message service (SMS). The first SMS messages were sent from a computer to a cell phone in 1992 in the UK while people's first to person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000, organizations provide "on demand" and "instant" news services via SMS. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in 2001.
Sales
By manufacturer
From 1983 to 1998, Motorola was the market leader in mobile phones. Nokia is the market leader in mobile phones from 1998 to 2012. In Q1 2012, Samsung surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5 million units compared to Nokia's 82.7 million units. Samsung has maintained its top position ever since. In Q2 2016, the top five manufacturers were Samsung (22.3%), Apple (12.9%), Huawei (8.9%), Oppo (5.4%), and Xiaomi (4.5%).
By mobile phone carrier
The world's largest individual cellular operator by number of subscribers is China Mobile, which has more than 500 million mobile phone subscribers. More than 50 mobile operators have more than ten million subscribers each, and more than 150 mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009. By 2014, there are more than seven billion cellular subscribers worldwide, the estimated number will continue to grow.
Use
General
Mobile phones are used for various purposes, such as staying in touch with family members, doing business, and for having access to the phone in an emergency. Some people carry more than one phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Some SIM cards can be used to take advantage of the various call plans. For example, certain plans may provide cheaper local calls, long distance calls, international calls, or roaming.
Mobile phones have been used in a variety of diverse contexts in the community. As an example:
- A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell phone subscribers have a second phone that is often kept secret from other family members. This phone can be used to engage in activities such as extramarital affairs or secret business affairs.
- Some organizations help victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergencies. This is a frequently updated phone.
- The emergence of widespread text messages has resulted in mobile novels, the first literary genre to emerge from the mobile age, via text messages to websites collecting novels as a whole.
- Mobile phones also facilitate public activism and journalism explored by Reuters and Yahoo! and a small independent news company like Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.
- The United Nations reports that mobile phones have spread faster than other forms of technology and can improve the livelihoods of the poorest people in developing countries, by providing access to information in places where telephone or Internet connections are not available, especially in underdeveloped countries. The use of cell phones also grows the wealth of micro businesses, by providing jobs such as selling street hours on the streets and repairing or repairing the handset.
- In Mali and other African countries, people often travel from village to village to tell friends and family about weddings, births, and other events. This can now be avoided in areas with cell phone coverage, which are usually wider than areas with ground line penetration only.
- The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV shows through mobile apps, ads, social TV, and mobile TV. It is estimated that 86% of Americans use their phones while watching TV.
- In some parts of the world, sharing a cell phone is a common thing. Mobile phone sharing is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more cell phones among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often family habits and traditional gender roles play a role. It is not unusual for a village to have access to only one cell phone, possibly owned by a teacher or missionary, available to all village members for necessary calls.
Content distribution
In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and selling media content via cell phones was the sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon after, other media content appeared, such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content, and ads. Most of the original content for mobile phones tends to be an old media copy, such as a banner ad or a TV news highlight video clip. Recently, unique content for mobile phones has emerged, ranging from ringtones and ringtones to mobisodes, video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.
Mobile banking and payments
In many countries, cell phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments with secure SMS text messages. Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows subscribers of Safaricom mobile operators to keep cash balances recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be saved or withdrawn from the M-PESA account at Safaricom retail outlets located across the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to the company.
Branchless banking is also successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.
Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microfinance platform that allows the citizens of developing countries to increase small business loans from Web users around the world. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan and payment payments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to African rural borrowers who have phones and can use the Internet.
Mobile payments were first tested in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Finally, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched its first commercial cellular payment system in the country with Globe and Smart mobile operators.
Some cell phones may make cellular payments through direct mobile billing schemes, or through non-contact payments if telephone and sales support points are near field communication (NFC). Enabling touch-to-phone payments via NFC-equipped phones requires cooperation with manufacturers, network operators, and retailers.
Mobile tracking
Mobile phones are usually used to collect location data. When the phone is turned on, the mobile geographic location can be easily determined (whether in use or not) using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the time difference for signals to travel from phone to phone. some cellular towers near the owner of the phone.
The movement of mobile users can be tracked by their service providers and if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their governments. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.
China proposes using this technology to track Beijing's urban travel patterns. In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use cell phones to conduct surveillance operations. They have a technology that allows them to activate the microphone on the phone remotely to listen to conversations that occur near the phone.
Hackers can track phone location, read messages, and record calls, just by knowing the phone number.
While driving
The use of mobile phones while driving, including talking on the phone, sending messages, or operating other phone features, is common but controversial. This is widely considered dangerous because of impaired driving. Being disturbed when operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers disrupted by cell phones. In March 2011, a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study showing 19% of drivers surveyed accessing the Internet on smartphones while driving. Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of cell phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, the use of hands-free mobile phones (using mobile speakers) is prohibited. In other countries, including the UK and France and in many US states, only the use of prohibited mobile phones while the use of hands-free is permitted.
A 2011 study reported that over 90% of students surveyed text (initiating, retaliating or reading) while driving. Scientific literature on driving dangers when sending text messages from mobile phones, or sending SMS while driving , is limited. A simulation study at the University of Utah found a six-fold increase in disruption-related accidents when sending SMS.
Due to the increasingly complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available use. This has created additional difficulty for law enforcement officers when trying to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their device. This is more evident in countries that prohibit the use of handhelds and hands-free, rather than those that prohibit the use of handhelds only, as officials can not easily figure out the function of mobile phones used simply by looking at the drivers. This may cause drivers to be terminated for illegally using their device for phone calls when, in fact, they use the device legally, for example, when using an integrated mobile phone control for car stereo, GPS or satnav.
A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its impact on behavior and safety. In 2013, a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers reporting using their mobile phones to access the Internet while driving has risen to nearly one in four. A study conducted by the University of Vienna examines various approaches to reduce the use of inappropriate and problematic mobile phones, such as using a mobile phone while driving.
Accidents involving impaired drivers by talking on cell phones have begun to be prosecuted due to negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from February 27, 2007, motorists caught using mobile phones while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to a £ 60 penalty. The increase was introduced to try to stem an increase in drivers who ignore the law. Japan bans all mobile phone usage while driving, including the use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned the use of mobile phones since November 1, 2009. Many states in the United States have banned SMS on mobile while driving. Illinois became the 17th United States to enforce this law. As of July 2010, 30 countries have banned SMS while driving, with Kentucky being the latest addition on July 15th.
Public Health Law research maintains a list of impaired driving laws in the United States. This statutory database provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of the law restricting the use of mobile communications devices while driving to all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 when the first law was passed until December 1, 2010. This collection of data contains information in 22 dichotomous, continuous or category variables including, for example, regulated activities (eg, texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld), targeted populations, and exceptions.
In 2010, an estimated 1,500 pedestrians were injured in the US while using mobile phones and several jurisdictions have tried to ban pedestrians using their phones.
Health effects
The effect of cell phone radiation on human health is the subject of interest and recent studies, as a result of the tremendous increase in cell phone use worldwide. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some people think may be harmful to human health. A large amount of research exists, both epidemiologically and experimentally, in non-human animals and in humans. The majority of these studies show no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. It is often paraphrased only as a balance of evidence that shows no harm to humans from cell phones, although a large number of individual studies do indicate such relationships, or can not be inferred. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communications networks, produce similar radiation.
On May 31, 2011, the World Health Organization stated that mobile phone use may represent long-term health risks, classifying cell phone radiation as "possible carcinogenic in humans" after a team of scientists reviewed the study of mobile security. This phone is in the 2B category, which ranks in addition to coffee and other carcinogenic substances.
Several recent studies have found a link between cell phone use and certain types of brain tumors and salivary glands. Lennart Hardell and other authors of the 2009 meta-analysis of 11 studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded that mobile use for at least ten years "is about twice the risk of being diagnosed with brain tumors on the same side ('ipsilateral') of the head as favored for mobile use ".
One study of past mobile use cited in the report showed "a 40% increased risk for glioma (brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (average reported: 30 minutes per day over a 10-year period)". This is the reverse of previous research positions that cancer is unlikely to be caused by their cell phone or base station and the review found no convincing evidence for other health effects. However, a study published March 24, 2012, in the British Medical Journal questioned this estimate because an increase in brain cancer was not parallel to the increase in cell phone usage. Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of mobile phones by minors in particular, due to the uncertainty of health risks. Cellular pollution by transmitting electromagnetic waves can be reduced by up to 90% by adopting circuits as designed in mobile and cellular exchanges.
In May 2016, preliminary findings from long-term studies by the US government showed that radio frequency (RF) radiation, the type emitted by mobile phones, can cause cancer.
Educational impact
A study by the London School of Economics found that banning cell phones in schools can improve students' academic performance, providing the same benefits as an extra school week per year.
Electronic waste settings
Research has shown that about 40-50% of the environmental impact of mobile phones occurs during the manufacture of printed cable boards and integrated circuits.
Average users change their phones every 11 to 18 months, and discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste. Mobile phone manufacturers in Europe are subject to the WEEE directive, and Australia has introduced mobile phone recycling schemes.
Apple Inc. has a disassembler and robot sorter called Liam specifically to recycle an outdated or damaged iPhone. [350]
Theft
According to the Federal Communications Commission, one in three robberies involves the theft of mobile phones. Police data in San Francisco show that half of all robberies in 2012 are mobile phone theft. The online petition on Change.org, called Secure Our Smartphones , urges smartphone manufacturers to install killing switches on their devices so they can not be used if stolen. The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George GascÃÆ'³n and directed to CEOs of smartphone manufacturers and major telecom operators. On Monday, June 10, 2013, Apple announced that it will install a "kill switch" on the next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013.
All phones have a unique identifier called IMEI. Anyone can report their phone as lost or stolen with their Telecommunication Operator, and IMEI will be blacklisted with the central registry. Telecom operators, depending on local regulations can or should implement blacklisted phone blocking in their networks. There are, however, a number of ways to avoid blacklisting. One way is to send a phone to a country where the telecom operators are not required to implement a blacklist and sell it there, others involve changing the IMEI phone number. Even so, blacklist phones usually have less value in the second-hand market if the original IMEI mobile phone blacklisted.
Future
5G is a technology and term used in research and project papers to show the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standard. The term 5G is not officially used in official specifications or documents that have not been published by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New standards beyond 4G are currently being developed by standardization bodies, but they are currently viewed as under the 4G umbrella, not for the new mobile generation.
Mineral conflict
Demand for metals used in cell phones and other electronics sparked the Second Congo War, which claimed nearly 5.5 million lives. In the 2012 news, The Guardian reported: "At an insecure mine deep underground in eastern Congo, children are working to extract essential minerals for the electronics industry.The advantages of the mineral finance the bloodiest conflict since the war second world war has been going on for nearly 20 years and recently flared up again... Over the past 15 years, the Democratic Republic of Congo has become a major source of natural resources for the mobile phone industry. "The company has been working to develop mobile phones that do not contain minerals conflict.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Mobile related media on Wikimedia Commons
- How Mobile Phones Work in HowStuffWorks
- "The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone", 15 photos with information from Time magazine
- Cell Phones, the ring is heard all over the world - a video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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