Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey ; 29 January 1954) is the owner of American media, talk show host, actress, producer and philanthropist. He is famous for his talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, which is the highest rated television program of its kind in history and nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Nicknamed the "Queen of All Media", she is the 20th richest African American of the 20th century and the first multi-millionaire blacks in North America, and has been ranked the largest black philanthropist in American history. Some judgments place him as the most influential woman in the world.
Winfrey was born in poverty in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother and then grew up in an inner-city neighborhood of Milwaukee. He has stated that he was harassed during early childhood and adolescence and became pregnant at 14; his son died as a baby. Sent to live with a man called his father, Vernon Winfrey, a barber in Tennessee, he got a job on the radio while in high school and started participating in local night news at the age of 19. Ad lib emotional delivery finally got him moved into the talk show arena during the day, and after upgrading local third-class Chicago talkshow to first place, he launched his own production company and became an international syndicate.
Credited with creating a more familiar form of confessional media communication, it is thought to have popularized and revolutionized the genre of a tabloid talk show spearheaded by Phil Donahue, where, according to a Yale study, it violated the 20th century taboo and allowed LGBT people to enter the stream main.
In the mid-1990s, he has rediscovered his show with a focus on literature, self-development, and spirituality. Although criticized for unleashing a culture of recognition, promoting controversial self-help ideas, and having an overly emotional approach, he is often praised for overcoming the difficulties of becoming a benefactor to others. From 2006 to 2008, his support for Obama, with one estimate, earned more than a million votes in the main round of Democrats in 2008. In 2013, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and honorary doctorates from Duke and Harvard.
Video Oprah Winfrey
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The first name of Winfrey is spelled "Orpah" on his birth certificate after the biblical figure in the book of Ruth, but people wrongly say it regularly and "Oprah" is trapped. He was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to an unmarried teenage mother. She later said that her pregnancy was due to a sexual relationship and the couple broke up shortly afterwards. His mother, Vernita Lee (born 1935), was a housekeeper. Winfrey's biological father is usually known as Vernon Winfrey (born 1933), a coal miner transformed into a barber who transforms a member of the city council who is in the Armed Forces when he was born. However, Mississippi farmers and World War II veteran Noah Robinson Sr. (born 1925) has claimed to be his real father.
A genetic test in 2006 determined that the matrilineal line belonged to the Kpelle ethnic group, in what is now Liberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan Africa, 8% Native Americans, and 3% East Asia. However, East Asian markers can, given the inappropriateness of genetic testing, are actually Native Americans.
After the birth of Winfrey, his mother traveled north and Winfrey spent his first six years living in rural poverty with his maternal grandmother, Hattie Mae (Presley) Lee (15 April 1900 - 27 February 1963), who was so poor that Winfrey often wore dresses made from a potato sack, where the local kids laugh at him. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the local church, where she was called "The Preacher" because of her ability to read Bible verses. When Winfrey was young, her grandmother would hit her with a stick when she was not doing chores or if she made a mistake in any way.
At the age of six, Winfrey moved into the downtown neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with his mother, who was less supportive and encouraging than his grandmother, largely as a result of long hours as a maid. Around this time, Lee had given birth to another daughter, younger Winfrey's half-brother, Patricia who later (in February 2003, at the age of 43) died of cocaine-related causes.
In 1962, Lee had difficulty raising his two daughters so that Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee. While Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter who was prepared for adoption (in the hope of reducing the financial difficulties that had caused Lee to be in welfare) and then also named Patricia. Winfrey did not know that he had a second half-sister until 2010. When Winfrey moved back with his mother, Lee also gave birth to a boy named Jeffrey, stepfather Winfrey, who died of AIDS-related causes in 1989.
Winfrey has stated that he was persecuted by his cousin, uncle, and a family friend, beginning when he was nine years old, something he first announced to viewers in the 1986 episode of his TV show on sexual harassment. When Winfrey discusses alleged harassment with family members at the age of 24, they are reportedly refusing to trust his account.
Winfrey once commented that he had chosen not to be a mother because he was never likened well. At the age of 13, after suffering what he described as years of abuse, Winfrey ran away from home. When she was 14 years old, she was pregnant but her son was born prematurely and she died shortly after birth. Winfrey later claimed he felt betrayed by a family member who had sold his son's story to the National Enquirer in 1990.
He started attending Lincoln High School, Milwaukee; but after his initial success in the Upward Bound program, he was transferred to a suburban high school in Nicolet, where he said his poverty was constantly rubbed on his face as he boarded a bus with a fellow African-American, some of whom were family servants of his classmates. She starts stealing money from her mother in an attempt to compete with her free shopping buddies, to lie and argue with her mother, and go out with the older boys.
Her frustrated mother once again sent her to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee, although this time she did not bring her back. Vernon is rigorous but encouraging, and makes his education a priority. Winfrey became an honors student, voted the Most Popular Girl, and joined his high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing the two in the country in dramatic interpretation.
He won a speech contest, which gave him a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, a black history institution, where he studied communication. Her first job as a teenager worked at a local grocery store. At the age of 17, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. He also attracted the attention of a local black radio station, WVOL, who hired him to do news part-time. He worked there during his senior year in high school, and again during his first two years of college.
Winfrey's career choice in the media would not surprise his grandmother, who once said that since Winfrey was able to speak, he was on stage. As a child, he played games interviewing his corncobs and raven dolls on the property fence of his family. Winfrey later acknowledged the influence of his grandmother, saying it was Hattie Mae who had encouraged him to speak publicly and "give me positive feelings about myself".
Maps Oprah Winfrey
Television
Working in the local media, she was the youngest newscaster and the first black woman newscaster in Nashville's WLAC-TV. He moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to listen to the six o'clock news. In 1977, he was dismissed and worked in a lower position at the station. He was later recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of the local talk show WJZ People Are Talking , which aired on August 14, 1978. He also hosted a local version Calling for Dollars .
In 1983, Winfrey moved to Chicago to host the WLS-TV half-hour talk show, AM Chicago . The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within a few months after Winfrey took over, the show went from last place in the rankings to overtake Donahue as the highest talk show in Chicago. Film critic Roger Ebert persuaded him to sign a syndication agreement with King World. Ebert estimates that he will generate 40 times more revenue from his television show, On Movies . It was named The Oprah Winfrey Show, expanded to an entire hour and broadcast nationwide from September 8, 1986. The Winfrey syndication show brought Donahue's double national audience, shifting Donahue as the number one talk show in America. Their widely publicized contest is the subject of enormous scrutiny. The magazine TIME writes:
TV columnist Howard Rosenberg said, "She's a round house, a complete, big, naughty, hard, aggressive, hyper, laughing, fun, feeling, gentle, humble, unpretentious, and hungry, and she probably knows how to Celoteh Phil Donahue. " Newsday Les Payne watched it, â € Å"Oprah Winfrey was sharper than Donahue, wittier, more sincere, and much better adapted to his listeners, if not the worldâ € and Martha Bayles of The Wall Street Journal writes, "It's really a relief to see a nightmare with a sweet, yet realistic assessment of its own cultural roots and religions."
In the early years of The Oprah Winfrey Show , the program was classified as a tabloid talk show. In the mid-1990s, Winfrey adopted a less tabloid format, organized performances on broader topics such as heart disease, geopolitics, spirituality, and meditation, interviewing celebrities about social issues directly involved with them, such as cancer, charity work, or abuse substances, and hosting a television prize including an event in which each audience receives a new car (donated by General Motors) or travels to Australia (donated by an Australian tourism agency).
In addition to his talk show, Winfrey also produced and starred in the 1989 miniseries drama The Women of Brewster Place , as well as my short spin-off, Brewster Place . As well as hosting and appearing on television shows, Winfrey founded the women's cable television network Oxygen . He is also president of Harpo Productions ( Oprah spelled backwards).
On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to convert the Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network . It is scheduled to launch in 2009 but is delayed, and actually launched on January 1, 2011.
The final series of The Oprah Winfrey Show which aired on May 25, 2011.
In January 2017, CBS announced that Winfrey will be joining 60 Minutes as a special contributor to the Sunday evening news magazine program that begins in September 2017.
Celebrity interview
In 1993, Winfrey hosted a rare prime-time interview with Michael Jackson, which became the fourth most watched show in American television history as well as the most watched interview, with an audience of 36.5 million. On December 1, 2005, Winfrey appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote the new Broadway musical The Color Purple , where he became a producer, joining the host for the first time in 16 years. This episode was praised by some as a "decade television show" and helped Letterman attract his biggest audience in over 11 years: 13.45 million viewers. Although the much-rumored dispute was said to be the cause of the rift, neither Winfrey nor Letterman rejected such talk. "I want you to know, it's really over, whatever you think is going on," Winfrey said. On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, as his season premiere was filmed in New York City.
In 2006, Ludacris, 50 Cent, and Ice Cube rappers criticized Winfrey for what they consider to be anti-hip hop bias. In an interview with GQ magazine, Ludacris said that Winfrey gave him "difficulties" about the lyrics, and edited the comments he made during his show with the movie players. Crash He also said that he was initially not invited on the show with the rest of the cast. Winfrey responded by saying that he opposed rap lyrics that "marginalize women", but enjoyed several artists, including Kanye West, who appeared on his show. He said he talked to Ludacris backstage after his performance to explain his position and said he understood that his music was for entertainment purposes, but some of his listeners might take it literally. In September 2008, Winfrey received criticism after Matt Drudge of Drudge Report reported that Winfrey refused to have Sarah Palin on his show, allegedly because of Winfrey's support for Barack Obama. Winfrey denied the report, maintaining that there had never been any discussion of Palin appearing on his show. He said that after he announced his support to Obama, he decided that he would not let his show be used as a platform for one of the candidates. Although Obama appeared twice on his show, the appearance was before he declared himself a candidate. Winfrey added that Palin would be a fantastic guest and that she would be happy to have him on the show after the election, which he did on November 18, 2009.
In 2009, Winfrey was criticized for letting actress Suzanne Somers appear on her show to discuss hormonal treatments not being accepted by mainstream treatment. Critics also point out that Winfrey is not tough enough when questioning a celebrity guest or politician he likes. Lisa de Moraes, a media columnist for The Washington Post, stated: "Oprah does not follow up on questions unless you are a writer who embarrasses her by making part of a memoir she should have attached to her book club."
Other media
Movies
In 1985, Winfrey co-stars Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple as a desperate housewife Sofia. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Novel Alice Walker later became a Broadway musical that opened in late 2005, with Winfrey credited as a producer. In October 1998, Winfrey produced and starred in the movie Beloved, based on Tulit Morrison's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. To prepare for his role as Sethe, the protagonist and former slave, Winfrey underwent a 24-hour simulation of the experience of slavery, which included being tied up and blindfolded and left alone in the forest. Despite major ads, including two episodes of a talk show dedicated entirely to the film, and moderate to good moderate critical reviews, Beloved opened for bad box-office results, losing about $ 30 million. While promoting the film, Thandie Newton's stars portrayed Winfrey as "a very strong technical actress and that's because he's so smart, he's acute, he's got a mind like a razor blade." In 2005, Harpo Productions released the film adaptation of the 1937 novel Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Are Watching God . The film made for television is based on a teleplay by Suzan-Lori Parks and starring Halle Berry in the female lead role.
At the end of 2008, the Winfrey company, Harpo Films, signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce series of manuscripts, documentaries and films for HBO.
Oprah voiced Gussie's swan at Charlotte's Web (2006) and voiced Judge Bumbleton at Bee Movie (2007), starring in Jerry Seinfeld's voice and René © Zellweger. In 2009, Winfrey voted for the character of Eudora, the mother of Princess Tiana, at Disney The Princess and the Frog and in 2010, the US version of the BBC Life < for Discovery.
In 2018, Winfrey starred as Mrs. Who is in the film adaptation of the novel Madeleine L'Engle A Wrinkle in Time .
Publish and write
Winfrey has co-authored five books. On the announcement of the 2005 weight-loss book, co-authored with his personal trainer, Bob Greene, it was said that his secret surcharges had broken the world's highest record book cost, previously held by former US autobiographers. President Bill Clinton.
His memoir, The Life You Want , has been scheduled for publication in 2017. It did not show up that year.
Winfrey published magazines: O, The Oprah Magazine and from 2004 to 2008 he also published a magazine called O At Home . In 2002, Fortune called O, Oprah Magazine the most successful startup ever in the industry. Although its circulation has fallen by more than 10 percent (to 2.4 million) from 2005 to 2008, the January 2009 edition is the best selling issue since 2006. The audience for its magazine is far more luxurious than its TV shows, the average reader's earnings far above median for US women.
Online
Winfrey company created the Oprah.com website to provide resources and interactive content related to events, magazines, book clubs, and public charities. Oprah.com averages over 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives about 20,000 e-mails every week. Winfrey started the "Oprah Children's Watch List," through her show and website, to help track down the abused child abuser. In the first 48 hours, the two people shown were arrested.
Radio
On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Winfrey has signed a three-year contract worth $ 55 million with XM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel, Oprah Radio, featuring a popular contributor to The Oprah Winfrey Show and O, The Oprah Magazine including Nate Berkus, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith, and Marianne Williamson. Oprah & amp; Friends began airing at 11:00 ET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at Winfrey headquarters in Chicago. The channel is broadcast 24 hours a day, seven days a week on XM Radio Channel 156. Winfrey contract requiring them to broadcast 30 minutes a week, 39 weeks a year.
Personal life
House
Winfrey currently lives in "The Promised Land", a 42-acre estate (17-ha) with ocean and mountain views in Montecito, California. Winfrey also has a home in Lavallette, New Jersey; an apartment in Chicago; an estate on Fisher Island, Florida; a ski house in Telluride, Colorado; and properties in Maui, Hawaii, Antigua and Orcas Island in Washington State.
Romantic history
Winfrey's girlfriend, Anthony Otey, tells of an innocent marriage that began in the senior year of Winfrey high school, from where he kept hundreds of records of love; Winfrey did himself with dignity and as a model student. Both are talking about getting married, but Otey admits to always secretly knowing that Winfrey is destined for a life much larger than he can give. She broke up with her on her senior year's Valentine's Day.
In 1971, a few months after breaking up with Otey, Winfrey met William "Bubba" Taylor at Tennessee State University. According to CBS journalist George Mair, Taylor was "the first intense, dead to love affair" Winfrey. Winfrey helps Taylor get a job at WVOL, and according to Mair, "doing everything to keep him, including literally begging him to kneel to live with him." Taylor, however, did not want to leave Nashville with Winfrey when he moved to Baltimore to work at WJZ-TV in June 1976. "We really care about each other", Winfrey would later recall. "We share a deep love, a love I will never forget."
In the 1970s, Winfrey had a romantic relationship with John Tesh. Biographer Kitty Kelley claims that Tesh split with Winfrey because of the pressure of having an interracial relationship.
When WJZ-TV's management criticized Winfrey for crying in the air when reporting tragedy and was unhappy with his physical appearance (especially when his hair fell out as a result of a bad perm), Winfrey turned to Lloyd Kramer reporter for comfort. "Lloyd is the best," said Winfrey later. "He loves me even when I'm bald He's amazing, he keeps me through the whole demoralizing experience, that guy is the most fun romance I ever had."
According to Mair, when Kramer moved to NBC in New York, Winfrey had a love affair with a married man who had no intention of leaving his wife. Winfrey will then remember: "I've been in a relationship with a man for four years, I do not live with him, I never live with anyone - and I think I'm worthless without him, the more he rejects me the more I want it. drained, helpless.In the end, I knelt on the floor with my knees on my knees and begged him.Satfrey became so depressed that on September 8, 1981, he wrote a suicide note to a friend of Gayle King who instructed the King to water his plants. it's too much, "Winfrey told Ms. Ms.." I can not kill myself. I will be afraid that once I do, something very good will happen and I will miss it. "
According to Winfrey, his emotional upheaval gradually leads to weight problems: "The reason I get so much burden in the first place and the reason I have a misleading history about men's rough relationships is that I desperately need approval, I need everyone to like me, because I not so fond of me So I'll end up with these selfish cruel people who will tell me how selfish I am, and I'll say, "Oh, thank you, you're so right" and thank them. Because I do not have the feeling that I deserve the other. That's why I get so much burden in the future. It is the perfect way to protect yourself from world disagreement. "
Winfrey later confessed to smoking crack cocaine with a man who engaged romance with him during the same era. He explained on his show: "I always feel that the drug itself is not a problem but I am addicted to the man." He added: "I can not think of anything I would not do for the man."
Winfrey is allegedly involved in a drug-related second love affair. Former ex-girlfriend, Randolph Cook, said they lived together for several months in 1985 and did drugs. In 1997, Cook tried to sue Winfrey for $ 20 million for allegedly blocking a secret book about his alleged relationship.
Also, in the mid-1980s, Winfrey briefly criticized film critics Roger Ebert, whom he credited with advising him to bring his show to syndication.
In 1985, before the Winfrey talk show in Chicago became a national film, Haitian filmmaker Reginald Chevalier claimed he appeared as a guest on a similar segment and started a relationship with Winfrey involving a romantic evening at home, a bath with candles, and a dinner with Michael Jordan and Danny. Glover. Chevalier said Winfrey ended the relationship when he met Stedman Graham.
Winfrey and his girlfriend Stedman Graham have been together since 1986. They were engaged to marry in November 1992, but the ceremony never took place.
Close friends
Winfrey's best friend since the early twenties was Gayle King. King was formerly the host of The Gayle King Show and is currently the editor of O, the Oprah Magazine. Since 1997, when Winfrey played a therapist on an episode of Ellen's sitcom Ellen DeGeneres came out of the closet, Winfrey and King have been the constant target of rumors that they are gay. "I understand why people think we are gay," Winfrey said in the August 2006 magazine magazine. "There is no definition in our culture for such bonding among women, so I understand why people should label it - how can you be this close without becoming sexual? " "I've told you almost everything to tell, all my stuff is out there People think I'd be so embarrassed to be gay that I would not admit it? Oh, please."
Winfrey also had a long friendship with Maria Shriver, after they met in Baltimore. Winfrey considers Maya Angelou, author of the book I Know Why Cage Singing Bird , mentor and close friends; he calls Angelou "mother-brother-friend." Winfrey hosted a week-long Caribbean cruise for Angelou and 150 guests for Angelou's 70th birthday in 1998, and in 2008, threw "a luxurious 80th birthday celebration" at Mar-a-Lago Donald Trump club in Palm Beach, Florida.
Personal Wealth
Born in rural poverty, and raised by a mother who relies on government welfare payments in a poor urban environment, Winfrey became a billionaire at the age of 32 when her talk show received a national syndication. Winfrey negotiated ownership of the television program and started his own production company. At the age of 41, Winfrey has a net worth of $ 340 million and replaces Bill Cosby as the only African American in Forbes 400 . With a net worth of $ 800 million, Winfrey is believed to be the richest African American in the 20th century. There are courses taught at the University of Illinois with a focus on Winfrey's business acumen: "History 298: Oprah Winfrey, The Taipan". Winfrey was the highest paid television entertainer in the United States in 2006, earning around $ 260 million during the year, five times the amount earned by second-placed music executives Simon Cowell. In 2008, its annual revenue has increased to $ 275 million.
The Forbes' list of World Milyarders has listed Winfrey as the world's only black billionaire from 2004 to 2006 and as the world's first black woman billionaire reached in 2003. In 2014 Winfrey has a net worth of more than 2.9 billion dollars and has overtaken former eBay CEO Meg Whitman as the wealthiest homemade lady in America.
Religious view
Oprah is raised by a Baptist. Early in life, he will speak at local congregations, mostly African-American congregations in the Southern Baptist Convention who are often very religious and familiar with such themes as evangelical Protestantism, the Black Church, and being born again.
He was quoted as saying: "I have a church with myself: I have a church that walks the streets I believe in the power of God who lives in all of us, and once you enter it, you can do anything."
Influence
Ratings
Winfrey is called "arguably the most powerful woman in the world" by CNN and Time.com, "arguably the most influential woman in the world" by The American Spectator, one of the 100 people who most influence the century -20 "and" one of the most influential people "from 2004 to 2011 by TIME . Winfrey is the only person in the world to appear in the last list on ten occasions.
At the end of the twentieth century, Life enlisted Winfrey as the most influential woman and the most influential black man of her generation, and in the profile of the magazine cover story called her "America's most powerful lady". In 2007, USA Today rated Winfrey as the most influential woman and blacks most influential in a quarter of a century before. The Ladies Home Journal also ranked Winfrey number one in America's most powerful women list and Senator Barack Obama said he was "probably the most influential woman in the country". In 1998, Winfrey became the first woman and the first African American to occupy Entertainment Weekly list of the 101 most powerful people in the entertainment industry.
As chairman of Harpo Inc., he was named the most powerful woman in entertainment by The Hollywood Reporter in 2008. She has been listed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the world by Forbes , ranked fourteenth in 2014. In 2010, Life magazine named Winfrey one of 100 people who changed the world, along with figures such as Jesus Christ, Elvis Presley, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Winfrey is the only living woman who makes the list.
Columnist Maureen Dowd seems to agree with such an assessment: "He is the alpha top lady in the country.He has more credibility than the president.Other successful women, such as Hillary Clinton and Martha Stewart, should be openly slapped before they can Even Condi should play proteg © with Bush Nothing happens to Oprah - she's a direct success story. Vanity Fair wrote: "Oprah Winfrey arguably has more influence on culture than university presidents, politicians, or religious leaders, except probably the Pope. Bill O'Reilly said: "This is a woman who came from scratch to rise to become the strongest woman, I think, in the world, I think Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in the world, not just in America. immediately benefited through the roof I mean, he has a loyal following, he has credibility, he has talent, and he does it himself to be very rich and extraordinarily powerful. "
In 2005, Winfrey was named the greatest woman in American history as part of a public poll as part of
Pada tahun 1989, ia diterima di NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame.
"Oprahfication"
The Wall Street Journal coined the term "Oprahfication", which means public recognition as a form of therapy. By acknowledging intimate details about her weight problem, her tumultuous love life, and sexual abuse, and crying beside her guest, the Time magazine praised Winfrey by creating a new form of media communication known as distinguishable "disconnection talk" from Phil Donahue's "report of the conversation": "Winfrey sees the power of television to integrate public and private, while connecting strangers and passing information through public aircasts, TVs are most often seen in the privacy of our homes, like family members sitting down to eat with us and talked to us on a quiet afternoon. Understanding this paradox,... Ã, He makes people care because he cares.That's the genius of Winfrey, and will be his legacy, because the changes he does on talk shows continue to absorb our culture and shape our lives. "
Observers have also noted political "Oprahfication" such as "Oprah style debates" and Bill Clinton is described as "the one who brings Oprah's psychobabble style and false confession to politics." Newsweek states: "Whenever a politician lets his lips tremble or cable anchor 'emotes' on TV, they nod into a cult of recognition that Oprah makes.
The November 1988 Ms. observes that "in a society where fat is a taboo, he makes it in a medium that adores thin and celebrates whiteness of body and personality that is bland and white [...] But Winfrey is made fat, sexy elegant - very close to beautiful - with his drop-dead wardrobe, easy body language, and cheerful sensuality. "
LGBT people mainstream acceptance
While Phil Donahue has been credited with pioneering the genre of tabloid talk show, Winfrey's warmth, intimacy, and personal recognition popularized and transformed it. His success in popularizing the tabloid talk show genre opened a thriving industry that has included Ricki Lake, The Jenny Jones Show, and The Jerry Springer Show. Sociologists such as Vicki Abt criticized the tabloid talk show to redefine social norms. In his book Coming After Oprah: Cultural Fallout in the Age from TV talk show, Abt warned that the media revolution that followed Winfrey's success blurred the boundary between "normal" and "deviant" behavior. In the book Freaks Talk Back ,
Yale sociology professor Joshua Gamson praised the genre of tabloid talk show by providing high-impact visibility of the much-needed medium for gay, bisexual, transsexual and transgender (LGBT) people and doing more to make it mainstream and socially acceptable than the development another in the 20th century.. In the editorial review of the book, Michael Bronski writes, "In the past, lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender men had almost no presence on television.With the discovery and spread of tabloid talk shows such as Jerry Springer , Jenny Jones , Oprah , and Geraldo , people outside the mainstream of sex now appear in family rooms across America almost daily from Sunday." Gamson praised the tabloid talk show by making alternative sexual orientation and identity more acceptable in mainstream society. Examples include magazine articles About the early 21st century gays who came out of the closet at a younger age and at a declining gay suicide rate. Gamson also believes that the tabloid talk show causes gays to be accepted on more traditional forms of media.
In April 1997, Winfrey played a therapist on "The Puppy Episode" on the sitcom Ellen to which her character (and real life Ellen DeGeneres) said she was a lesbian.
"Oprah effect"
Winfrey's opinion power and support for influencing public opinion, especially consumer purchase choices, has been dubbed "The Oprah Effect". The effect has been documented or allegedly in a very diverse domain such as book sales, beef market, and voting. Late in 1996, Winfrey introduced Oprah's Book Club segment to his television show. Segments focus on new and classic books and often bring an obscure novel to popular attention. The book club became a powerful force so that every time Winfrey introduced a new book as his book club's choice, the book instantly became a best-seller; for example, when he chose the classic John Steinbeck East of Eden , he soared to the top of the charts. Recognized by Winfrey often means a million additional book sales for a writer. In Reading Oprah: The Changing Book Club America (2005), Kathleen Rooney described Winfrey as "a serious American intellectual who pioneered the use of electronic media, especially television and the Internet, for reading - a very non-action -technologically and highly individualized-and highlight its social elements and utility in such a way as to motivate millions of former non-readers to pick up books. "
When the author of the book Jonathan Franzen was chosen for the Book Club, he reportedly "grimaced" and said the selected book tends to "schmaltzy". After James Frey A Million Little Pieces was found to contain fabrication in 2006, Winfrey confronted him on his show for a breach of trust. In 2009, Winfrey apologized to Frey for a public confrontation. During a show about mad cow disease with Howard Lyman (aired on April 16, 1996), Winfrey said he stopped cold for eating another burger. Texas breeders sued him and Lyman in early 1998 for "defamation on perishable food" and "business humiliation", claiming that Winfrey's comments sent falling livestock prices, costing the $ 11 million beef producer. Winfrey was represented by lawyer Chip Babcock and, on February 26, after a two-month trial in Amarillo, Texas, court, the jury found Winfrey and Lyman not responsible for the damage. During the lawsuit, Winfrey hired Phil McGraw, Courtroom Sciences, Inc. to help him analyze and read the jury. Winfrey's ability to launch other successful talk shows such as Dr. Phil , Dr. Oz, and Rachael Ray have also been cited as an example of "The Oprah Effect".
Politics
Winfrey supports presidential candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, the first time he has backed a political candidate running for office. Winfrey held a fundraiser for Obama on September 8, 2007, at his Santa Barbara plantation. In December 2007, Winfrey joined Obama for a series of rallies in the early states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina. The Columbia, South Carolina, show on December 9, 2007, attracted a crowd of nearly 30,000, the largest for any political event of 2007. An analysis by two economists at the University of Maryland, College Park estimates that Winfrey's support is responsible for between 420,000 and 1.6 million vote for Obama in primary Democrats only, based on a sample of countries that do not include Texas, Michigan, North Dakota, Kansas, or Alaska. The results show that in the sample countries, Winfrey's support is responsible for differences in the popular vote between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich was reportedly deeply impressed by Winfrey's support that he was considered to be offering an empty senate seat Winfrey Obama, portraying Winfrey as "the most influential person in Barack Obama's presidential election", with a "bigger voice than all 100 joint senators". Winfrey responded by stating that although he was not at all interested, he felt he could become a senator.
In April 2014, Winfrey spoke for more than 20 minutes at a fundraiser in Arlington, Virginia, to Lavern Chatman, a candidate in the primary to nominate a Democratic candidate for election to the US House of Representatives. Winfrey participated in the event even after reports revealed that Chatman had been found responsible in 2001 for his role in a scheme to deceive hundreds of employees of the District of Columbia nursing home at least $ 1.4 million in wages.
In 2018, Winfrey donated $ 500,000 to a March student demonstration for Our Life supporting weapons control in the United States. In early 2018, Winfrey met with Mohammad bin Salman, the reformist crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia.
Spiritual leadership
In 2000, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP. In 2002, Christianity Today published an article entitled "The Church of O" where they concluded that Winfrey had emerged as an influential spiritual leader. "Since 1994, when he left traditional talk-show tariffs for more confirming content, and in 1998, when he started 'Turn Your Life TV', Oprah's most significant role has become a spiritual leader.For his audience over 22 million great female audience, he has become a postmodern minister - an icon of church-free spirituality. "The sentiment was echoed by Marcia Z. Nelson in his book The Gospel By Oprah. Since the mid-1990s, the Winfrey event has emphasized themes and themes that are uplifting and inspiring and some viewers say the show has motivated them to perform altruism acts such as helping Congolese women and building orphanages. A scientific study by psychology scientists at the University of Cambridge, University of Plymouth, and the University of California using an uplifting clip from The Oprah Winfrey Show in an experiment that found that watching clips 'joyfully' caused the subject to be twice as useful than the subject assigned to watching a movie comedy or the English realm.
In 1998, Winfrey started ongoing conversations with Gary Zukav, an American spiritual teacher, who appeared on his television show 35 times. Winfrey says he keeps a copy of Zukav's The Seat of the Soul next to his bed, a book he says is one of his all-time favorites.
In the inaugural season of Winfrey's 13th season, Roseanne Barr told Winfrey, "You are the Goddess of the Mother of Africa from all of us" inspiring much of the enthusiasm of the studio audience. The animated series Futurama alludes to its spiritual influence by suggesting that "Oprahism" is the mainstream religion in 3000 AD. Twelve days after the September 11 attacks, New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani called on Winfrey to serve as a Prayer Host for America at the Yankee Stadium of New York City, attended by former president Bill Clinton and New York senator Hillary Clinton. Headed the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, less than a month after the September 11 attacks, Winfrey aired a controversial event called "Islam 101" in which he described Islam as a religion of peace, calling it "the most misunderstood of the three major religions". In 2002, George W. Bush invited Winfrey to join a US delegation that included advisers Karen Hughes and Condoleezza Rice, who planned to travel to Afghanistan to celebrate the return of Afghan girls to school. "Oprah's strategy" is designed to describe the War on Terror in a positive light; however, when Winfrey refused to participate, the trip was postponed.
Leading to the US-led invasion of Iraq, the Winfrey event received criticism for allegedly having an anti-war bias. Ben Shapiro of Townhall.com writes: "Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in America She decides what makes the Best Sellers list in the New York Times her touching touch-tone touches the viewers at a rate of 14 million viewers per day But Oprah is far more than just a cultural force, he is a dangerous political force too, a woman with an unexpected and agile attitude to today's major issues. "In 2006, Winfrey recalled controversies such as:" I once performed a show titled Is War the Only Answer? In my career history, I have never received more hate mail - such as 'Back to Africa' Hate Letter. I am accused of not being American for even asking questions. "Filmmaker Michael Moore came to the defense of Winfrey, praising him for showing anti-war footage that no other media would show and asking him to run for president.
A February 2003 series, in which Winfrey showed clips from people around the world who asked Americans not to go to war, interrupted in some East Coast markets by a press conference press conference where President George W. Bush and Colin Powell summarized the case of war.
In 2007, Winfrey began supporting the self-help program The Secret . The Secret claims that people can change their lives through positive thoughts or 'vibrations', which will then cause them to attract more positive vibrations that result in good things happening to them. Peter Birkenhead of the Salon magazine argues that this idea is pseudosain and psychologically destructive, because it underestimates important decisions and promotes a rapidly improved material culture, and suggests Winfrey's promotion of it is irresponsible because of its influence. In 2007, skeptics and witch James Randi accused Winfrey of deliberately deceiving and uncritical in the way he handled paranormal claims on his show. In 2008, Winfrey supported the writer and spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle and his book, A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose, which sold several million extra copies after being selected for his book club. During the Webinar class, where he promotes the book, Winfrey states "God is a feeling experience and not a believing experience If your religion is an experience of believing [...] then it is not really God." Frank Pastore, a Christian radio talk show host at KKLA, is among many Christian leaders who criticize Winfrey's view, saying "if he is a Christian, he is a person who knows nothing because Christianity is incompatible with New Age thinking. "
Winfrey was named Person of the Year 2008 by human rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) for using fame and listening to the audience to help the less fortunate, including animals. PETA praised Winfrey for using his talk show to uncover cases of terrible atrocities against animals at dog factories and at factory farms, and Winfrey even used the show to highlight the vegan diet without the cruelty he tried. Winfrey also refused to wear feathers or show them in his magazine.
In 2009, Winfrey filmed a series of interviews in Denmark that highlighted his citizens as the happiest people in the world. In 2010, Bill O'Reilly of Fox News criticized these events for promoting the left-wing community.
In using the N-word, Winfrey said, "You can not be my friend and use that word around me... I always think of... those who hear it as their last word when they hung on a tree."
Fan base
Views for The Oprah Winfrey Show were the highest during the 1991-92 season, when about 13.1 million US viewers watched each day. In 2003, ratings dropped to 7.4 million daily viewers. The ranking had rebounded to around 9 million in 2005 and then declined again to about 7.3 million viewers in 2008, though it remained the highest talk show event.
In 2008, the Winfrey show aired in 140 countries internationally and was seen by about 46 million people in the US weekly. According to a Harris poll, Winfrey was America's favorite television personality in 1998, 2000, 2002-06, and 2009. Winfrey is very popular among women, Democrats, moderate politics, Baby Boomers, Generation X, South America, and East Coast States.
Outside the US, Winfrey has become increasingly popular in the Arab world. The Wall Street Journal reported in 2007 that MBC 4, an Arab satellite channel, concentrated its entire program around the show replay because it recorded the number of female viewers in Saudi Arabia. In 2008, The New York Times reported that The Oprah Winfrey Show , with Arabic subtitles, was broadcast twice every working day on MBC 4. A simple Winfrey dress, combined with his attitude of winning over adversity and abuse has caused some women in Saudi Arabia to idealize it.
Philanthropy
In 2004, Winfrey became the first black person to rank among the 50 most generous Americans and remained among the top 50 until 2010. In 2012, he has provided about $ 400 million for educational purposes.
In 2012, Winfrey has also provided more than 400 scholarships to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Winfrey was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanity Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for television and movie services. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank their employees for their hard work, Winfrey brought his staff and family (a total of 1,065 people) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006.
In 2013, Winfrey donated $ 12 million to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture. President Barack Obama awarded the President's Freedom Medal at the end of the same year.
Oprah Angel Network
In 1998, Winfrey created the Oprah Angel Network, a charity that supports charity projects and provides grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah Angel Network raised over $ 80 million ($ 1 million donated by Jon Bon Jovi). Winfrey personally covers all the administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds collected go into charity programs. In May 2010, with the end of Oprah's show, the charity stopped accepting donations and was closed.
In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Oprah created the Oprah Angel Network Katrina registry that raised more than $ 11 million for relief efforts. Winfrey personally gave $ 10 million for the cause. The houses were built in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama before the one-year anniversary of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
South Africa
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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