The coin of one cent United States , often called cents , is a currency unit that is equivalent to one hundredth of the United States dollar. The sen icon is Ã, Â ¢ . The front features President Abraham Lincoln's profile since 1909, a hundred years of his birth. From 1959 (sesquicentennial born Lincoln) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored the 200th anniversary of Lincoln and the new permanent "reverse" - Union Shield - were introduced in 2010. The coins are 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm) in thickness. Its weight varies, depending on the metal composition used in its production (see below).
The official US name for the coin is "penny" and the official name of US Treasury is "one cent piece". The daily term sen comes from a British coin of the same name, a pre-decimal version that has a similar place in the English system. In American English, pennies are plural. (Plural forms pence - standard in English English - not used in reference to American coins.)
Although the removal of coins has been proposed because it is now of very little value, there is currently no strong plan to eliminate the money. In 2015, based on the US Mint Annual Report released for 2014, the cost of the US Mint is 1.67 cents (down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013) to make a penny due to material, production and distribution costs. This figure includes fixed Mint components for distribution and fabrication, as well as Mint overhead allocated to cents. Fixed costs and overhead must be absorbed by other coins in circulation without any change. The disadvantage of producing one cent coin in the United States for 2013 is $ 55 million. This is a slight decrease from the year 2012, the previous year, which suffered a production loss of $ 58 million.
Video Penny (United States coin)
History of composition
In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, the 2009 special cents were printed for collectors in the same composition as 1909 coins.
Early coin isotopic compositions covering the period 1828 to 1843 reflect that of copper from Cornish ore from England, while coins after 1850 reflect that the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.
In 1943, at the height of World War II, zinc-coated steel bars were made for a short time due to war demands for copper. A few copper pens from 1943 were produced from the remaining 1942 planchet in the trash. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 to 1946, the saved ammunition sleeves went into the printing process, and it is not uncommon to see coins that have brass patterns or have a much darker finish than any other problem.
During the early 1970s, copper prices rose to the point where the cent contained almost a cent of copper. This led Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze coated steel. Aluminum was chosen, and more than 1.5 million of these coins were beaten and ready for public release before being denied. The proposed aluminum money was rejected for two reasons: the owner of the vending machine complained of coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists suggest that the radiodensity of metals in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is close to soft tissue, and coins will be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging. One cent of aluminum is donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
The cents composition was changed in 1982 because the value of copper in coins began to rise above one cent. Some 1982 banknotes use 97.5% zinc composition, while others use 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 centuries of 20th century printed exclusively for collectors, the US cents printed after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating. In Fiscal Year 2013, an average of one cent printed minted US Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents per year in FY 2011.
The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping coins on a solid surface. Most copper coins produce high-pitched rings, while zinc coins produce lower "sounds". In addition, a 50-cent roll full of pre-1982/3 coins weighing 5.4 oz compared to post-1982-83 rolls that weighs 4.4 oz.
Mosaic numbers for Lincoln cents can be found on Lincoln's mosaic numbers.
Maps Penny (United States coin)
Design
Coins have gone through several designs over a period of two hundred years. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current US dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through the current dollar).
The following sen types have been produced:
Large cents:
- Flow Hair Chain 1793
- Flows Hairstyles 1793
- Liberty Hat 1793-1796
- Draped bust 1796-1807
- Classic Head 1808-1814
- Coronet 1816-1839
- Braided Hair 1839-1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)
Small Size:
- Flying Eagle cent (1856-1858)
- Indian Head cent (1859-1909)
- Lincoln cent (1909-present)
- Lincoln Wheat (1909-1958)
- Lincoln Memorial (1959-2008)
- Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse design (2009)
- Lincoln Union Shield (2010-present)
Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured some typography for dates, but most of its digits are old-style figures, except with numbers 4 and 8 not rising or falling. The only significant difference is that the small 3 did not go down (the same size as 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a decline, big 3 for only one year in 1934 and then permanently (like 2014 ) in 1943. Likewise, the 5th digit was small and did not go down until 1945, then from 1950 onwards, became big down 5. From 1959 to 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the opposite of the United States. Sen country. Since the Lincoln Memorial is shown in sufficient detail to distinguish Lincoln's statue by the opposite percent, Abraham Lincoln was then the only person depicted on both the front and back of the same US coin. In 1999, the state of New Jersey was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, across the Delaware River on the back side and in the profile on the front. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also featured Washington on both sides: a typical profile on the front, and Washington in Mount Rushmore instead.) Some series of reverse 2009 designs no longer show Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has move the president from a reverse coin for the foreseeable future.
Additional design details that are not easily visible to the naked eye are found on the front side of 1918 and beyond. The letters "VDB" stamped on Abraham Lincoln's forearm represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the principal designer of Wheat cent. Lincoln Lincoln
Lincoln cent is the current one cent coin in the US. Adopted in 1909 (which will be Lincoln's 100th anniversary), replaces the Indian Head cent. The reverse changed in 1959 from the design of the rods to the design that included the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's birthday. There are more coins than any other denomination, which makes Lincoln cents a familiar item. In its lifetime, this coin has passed two world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The front is the longest design used for every outstanding American currency.
History
When Lincoln's one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the style received from the United States currency, since it was the first regular coin to bear portraits other than the Liberty myth that appeared in most of the pre-1909 ordinary coins. Previously, strong feelings had prevailed against the use of portraits on coins in the United States, but the public sentiment derived from the 100th anniversary celebration of the birth of Abraham Lincoln proved to be stronger than the old tradition.
Personalized token prints with Lincoln images were released as one cent during Lincoln's presidency; Legitimate coins became scarce during the Civil War. This early token undoubtedly affected Lincoln's denomination, appearance, size, and composition.
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th US President, thinks American coins are very common and do not inspire that he seeks to get the motto "In God We Trust" which is removed as an offensive religion. Roosevelt had a chance to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since nineteen years earlier in the United States has become one of the country's major medalists. Roosevelt had known Brenner's talents in a settlement house on the Lower East Side of New York City and was immediately impressed by the relief Brenner made from Lincoln, based on Mathew Brady's photo. Roosevelt, who considers Lincoln the lifesaver of the Union and the President of the greatest Republic, and who also considers himself the heir to Lincoln's politics, ordered the new Lincoln cents to be based on Brenner's work and will be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th anniversary in 1909 Similarities of President Lincoln on the front of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque created by Brenner a few years earlier which was the concern of President Roosevelt in New York.
In addition to the elements specified on US coins - LIBERTY and the date - the motto In Lord We Trust appeared for the first time with this denominational coin. The United States Congress passed the March 3, 1865 Act, authorizing the use of this motto on US coins, during Lincoln's tenure at office.
Although no law is required for the new design, the approval of the Minister of Finance is required to make changes. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.
In 1918, after the controversy on behalf of Brenner and the initials behind it had subsided, his initials were placed on the front without further controversy. They should be found in minute form at the edge of the breast, just below Lincoln's shoulders.
In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like a genuine Brenner statue.
Inverted Design
Wheat cent (1909-1958)
A study of three potential reversals resulted in approval of a very simple design containing two wheatheads in a memorial style. Among these, in the center of the coin, are denominations and UNITED STATES AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum , Latin for "From Many, One."
The original model contains Brenner's name on the back, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" was changed because officials in the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coins are released, many are protesting that even the initials are too flashy and reduce the design. Because the coin is in great demand, and because to make a change will require a stalled production, a decision is made to remove the initials entirely.
So in 1909 the US had six distinct cents: 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head sen, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB , 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases, Philadelphia's excerpts far outweigh the San Francisco problem. While the smallest mosaic is '09 -Indian, the '09 -VDB is the date of Lincoln key, and therefore most valuable. Its 484,000 printers are only 1.7% of the V.D.B plateau.
Lincoln Memorial cent (1959-2008)
On February 12, 1959, revised reverse design was introduced as part of Lincoln's 150th birthday. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engrave at Philadelphia Mint, prepares the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the carving staff at Mint asked to attend for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Minister of Finance is required to make changes because the design has been in use for more than 25 years as required. The magnificent Lincoln Memorial provides a central motif, with the legends of E Pluribus Unum and US AMERICA completing the design, along with the denominations. The initial "FG" appears on the right, near the bushes. Lincoln Lincoln Bicentennial cent (2009)
The $ 1 Coins Act of the President in 2005 requires that the cents be regenerated in 2009. This results in a mosaic of four distinct coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the two centuries of birth.
These four designs, which were unveiled on September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:
- Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: This design has a wooden cabin and the birth year of Lincoln 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and carved by Jim Licaretz. This Sen was released into circulation on the 200th anniversary of Lincoln, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, the birthplace of Lincoln. The printing was very low compared to previous years (see Lincoln metters numbers). It has been dubbed "Log Cabin Penny".
- Formative Year in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while resting from the rail segment. It was designed and carved by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.
- Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young Lincoln professional who stands in front of Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and carved by Don Everhart. Dubbed "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.
- Presidency in Washington, D.C.: This design features a semi-finished Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and carved by Joseph Menna. This 4 cent sen was released to the public on November 12, 2009. AS Mint released a collector set containing this design in copper before the general launch of this design in zinc.
Special 2009 cents beaten for sale on set for collectors have copper penny pennies printed in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those who are beaten because of the circulation maintain the normal composition of the zinc nuclei coated with copper.
Union shield cent (2010-present)
The 2005 law authorizing a redesign for Bicentennial states that the opposite of another redesign for Lincoln Cent will be printed "which will be a symbol of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States as one and one country". Eighteen designs were proposed for the opposite of 2010 percent. On April 16, 2009, the Fine Arts Commission (CFA) met and selected a design showing 13 bundles of wheat bound together with a ring that symbolized the unity of America as a nation. Then this design was withdrawn because it is similar to the coins issued in Germany in the 1920s. The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee then meets and selects a design that shows the Union shield with ONE CENT spaced in a roll; E Pluribus Unum is also depicted at the top of the shield. In June 2009 the CFA met again and selected a design that featured the modern rendition of the American flag. As part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for 2010 cents was announced. The design chosen is the one chosen earlier by CCAC. According to the Mint, the 13 lines on the shield "represent the countries joined in a compact unit to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above." The Mint also notes that shields are usually used in paintings in the Capitol aisle painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist on the Capitol who was active during the Lincoln Presidency. The front of the penny is also changed to the modern rendition of the Brenner design. The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln monument used since 1959. The coin was designed by Lyndall Bass artist and sculpted by U.S. sculptors. Mint, Joseph Menna. In January 2010, the coins were released earlier in Puerto Rico; this is due to the lack of money in 2009 on the island. The new design was released at a ceremony at the Presidential Library of Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010. In 2017, a penny printed in Philadelphia was hit with a mintmark "P" to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the US Mint. 2017 is the only year where Philadelphia's senes have a mintmark.
"Capped cents"
To commemorate the Fire at SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner makes a copper hat depicting Morro Castle surrounded by the legend of "The Morro Castle Fire". It will then be wrapped more than one side of the Lincoln cent. According to "Mrs. Astor Horse" by Stanley Walker:
Holders of concessions in the hall run a vibrant business. A man in a stamping machine puts a copper hat on the penny with the head of Lincoln on one side and an inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, Sept., 1934, Asbury Park "on the other side.Seller postcards in the hall dumped 150,000 images of Ship Burning during the first few days after disaster, once they get out of the press, heartrending poetry and ballads about a blazing fire.
Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner created another design that depicted the Hunterdon Courthouse, where the trial was held, and was surrounded by the legend of "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ." Another part of the text in "Astor Madame Horse" states:
A man with a metal press does some sort of fair business. She arranges business on the hotel terrace. He has built a dice depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by legends, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. In the pulpit beside the press lay a few hundred bright new cents and some fine copper strips. By running a copper strip through the press, along with a dime, he turned Lincoln's head backed by the courthouse and legend. Pieces sold for five cents each, three for a penny.
Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner created a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, buyers in Manhattan will receive this. In addition, if they donate 5 extra cents, their penny will come with the card holder. Other strings bordered by Werner include warnings for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There are also designs that show the Lord's prayer.
Composition
Bronze, 1909-1942. Initially the Lincoln alloy alloys followed that set for this denomination with the designs of Indian Heads in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.
Zinc-coated steel during the war, 1943. The Lincoln cents were changed in 1943.
The production of the time-war sen was provided in the Congress Act approved on 18 December 1942, also stipulated as the expiration date of the authority of 31 December 1946. The low quality carbon steel formed the basis of these coins, for which a zinc layer of 0.0005-in. 0.013 mm) thick is precipitated on each side electrolysis as prevention of rust. This coating is applied to the steel before the blanks are made, leaving the edges of these coins very susceptible to rust. The same size is maintained, but the weight is reduced from standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), using a lighter alloy. Production began on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 coins a cent. The copper released for war effort is enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.
wart brass, 1944-1946. Many complaints about the gray color of 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to changes in wartime pen composition. On January 1, 1944, Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, a supply derived from an exposed sheaths shell which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller lead footprint. The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also recoverable.
Bronze, 1947-1962. The shell sheath is no longer in use after 1946 and the original copper-tin copper "bronze" composition is used again.
Brass, 1962-1982. The coin composition changed again slightly in 1962. The mint officials felt that the removal of lead content would not adversely affect the quality of coin wear, while manufacturing gains obtained with stable alloys at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be very beneficial. The congressional authority for this modification is contained in the Congress Act approved on 5 September 1962.
The experimental aluminum string, 1974. In the early 1970s, copper prices rose to the point where the penny almost contained a single cent of copper. This causes the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze coated steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready to be released to the public. Some were distributed to members of the US Congress, but aluminum was eventually rejected for various reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own. One cent of aluminum is donated to the Smithsonian Institution. The other was in the hands of the family of a dead US police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as genuine in 2005.
Zinc-coated copper, 1982-present. In mid-1982, the coin composition was changed again, this time into zinc-coated zinc. The last copper compound (95% copper metal composition) was produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. Zinc-coated copper-cent pens are still produced today. They consist of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer coating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and printed on blanks produced for Mint by the manufacturer outside (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the total weight of the lighter new coins of 2.5 grams each, the new coins have the same diameter and thickness, and almost in appearance, for most copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, respectively - weighted 3.11 grams. A few cents were hit by a brass error in 1983 and very rare.
Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916
When Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that their coining dies and curved fields could not be polished to prove coining conditions with existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coins for collectors, the US Mint adopted the French technique Matte Proof, which is considered to highlight the design, while leaving the coin details as the intended designer. This is done with sandblasting dies before use. When struck by a high pressure hydraulic press Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result is a semi-rugged surface, a soft sparkle and a very wide clear square line. These coins are produced in very small quantities, and dies quickly develop small marks, known as diagnostics. These signs are used today by Third Party and Third Collector to authenticate coins. Sold only with a dime on the face during the production years, they are not popular among collectors. When new, the coins are wrapped in stain-resistant tissue, which from time to time proves to be nothing. Since many of these coins for decades are unsold, bright colors and tonings are growing. It is not unusual to see blue, green, lavender, orange, red, and purple on this coin. Excitedly gathered by numismatics today, they are one of Lincoln's most valuable cents. Uncapsulated coins are easily identified by a wide rectangular rim, unlike the rounded edges of a business strike.
Custom printing errors for Lincoln cents
Through mint mistakes, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as off-center strikes, slightly increase the value of coins, and are sought by niche collectors. However some errors are systemic, and produce a number of coins with the same problem in the same year. It has become a recognized variety that is often very valuable and sought after by the main collectors.
The first Deadly Multiplier error occurred during the production of 1909 VDB. Unidentified until the 1970s, it showed RTY in Liberty and 190 dates somewhat doubled. These coins are very rare in high class.
In 1922, there was no one-cent coin produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of obsolete and overdone Denver Mints later produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they were produced in Philadelphia. This variety is known as 1922 cents or 1922 there is no "D" cent. Collectors should be wary of missing mint marks.
There were some 1943 cents produced in bronze, compared to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist. Likewise, some 1944 cents are produced in steel/zinc.
In 1955, a hubbing error caused a few cents to be hit with a frontal die that showed double over all front devices, resulting in a prominent doubling of dates, and to a less noticeable level, the rest of the front. This is known as 1955 value doubled. A similar error occurred in 1969 at a dies used in San Francisco Mint. While in 1955 doubling in value was well-known and heavily collected, 1969-S doubled in size, with unreleased specimens selling as much as $ 126,500 in the 2008 Heritage auction. The same mechanism resulted in 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995, double the banknotes. Doubled Dies are practically known every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are small, and less impressive compared to 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.
In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were beaten in the San Francisco Mint without the "S" sign of mint, making them look as if they had been hit in the Philadelphia Mint. However, since there was no proof of penalties struck in Philadelphia that year, they were easily distinguishable as mistakes, and were invaluable.
The reverse of a few Lincoln cents printed in 1992 in Philadelphia and Denver mints and some that were printed in 1998 and 1999 in the San Francisco mint had a smaller than normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as AM Close, are worth $ 20,000 and $ 5,000 for 1992 specimens under unleased gems and $ 3,000 and $ 1,000 for San Francisco specimens in jewel-proof conditions.
The opposite of a few Lincoln cents printed in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia featured a larger than normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are priced at $ 10, $ 500, and $ 5, respectively, under the no-jeweled circumstances. This reverse die error is technically a "donkey" error, because the reverse error is the same as the normal proof coin on the same date.
Toxicity
Zinc, a major component of cents in mid-1982 onwards, was toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such coins, ie 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of zinc ions in the acid abdomen. Coins are the most commonly digested foreign bodies in children but are generally allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic. Zinc poisoning, mostly in the form of swallowing US coins that were minted after 1982, is generally fatal in dogs causing severe hemolytic anemia. It is also very toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.
Numismatics and regulations
It has been suggested that cents should be eliminated as currency units for several reasons including that many Americans do not really spend it, but simply accept it in the change in stores and proceed to return it to the bank for higher denominations, or exchange it at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not receive cents, their utilities are diminishing, and production costs (in U.S. Dollars) now exceed the nominal value of coins, caused by an increase in inflation. In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced a bill that would stop the production of money (in 2001, the Tender Legitimate Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Reshuffle for a Continuing Nation Continue [COIN] Act).
In anticipation of the business of melting US cents and US cents for profit, the US Mint, which is part of the US Treasury Department, imposed new rules on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the fusion of cents and cents and place the limit on coin exports. The offender may be punished by a fine of up to $ 10,000 USD and/or incarcerated for a maximum of five years.
Metal content and production costs
The US Mint reported that in fiscal 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one cent coin was 1.79 cents, which is more than the nominal value of the coin. After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to significant increases in global demand and metal prices, recently the cost has decreased to 1.83 cents for 2013. In fiscal year 2014, the cost to produce a penny dropped even further to 1.70 cents.
When copper hit record highs in February 2011, the melting value of copper penny was 95% more than triple its face value. On January 21, 2014, the pre-1982 pen contained copper and zinc worth 2.20325 cents, making it an attractive target for melting by people who wanted to sell metal for profit. For comparison, the post-1982 copper-zinc brass fitting has a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.
The Secretary of the Treasury has the authority to change the percentage of copper and zinc in one cent coin if necessary because of fluctuations in costs.
See also
- 1943 steel cents
- 1955 doubled-die cent
- 1974 aluminum cents
- Large senor (United States coin)
- Legal Tender Legalization Act
- Mill (currency)
- Take one cent, leave a penny
- Penny (Canadian coin)
- United States Production of mint coins
Other denominations
- United States currency
- Nickel
- Dime
- Quarter
- Half a dollar
- Dollar
References
External links
- "Penny Foolish", by David Margolick, The New York Times , February 11, 2007 - a brief short history of cents.
- Humans try to get rid of millions of dollars, USA Today , 7/1/2004
- An examination of the claim that "One penny spent more than a cent to produce" in Snopes.
- Top 10 Things You Did not Know about Penny - slideshow by Time Magazine
- US. Lincoln Penny on Planet Mars - Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
- PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots attempts by retailers and merchants to stop using pennies. (June 2007).
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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