Arizona ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo [xÃÆ'²: ztÃÆ'² x? xÃÆ'²: tsÃÆ'²] ; O'odham: Al? onak [? a? I ?? onak] ) is a US state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western and Mountain states. It is the sixth and 14th largest in most of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. Arizona borders New Mexico to the east, Utah to the north, Nevada and California to the west, and Mexico to the south, as well as the southwestern corner of Colorado. The Arizona border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long, on the northern border of the Mexican state of Sonora and Baja California.
Arizona is the 48th and last state of the adjoining state to be accepted at the Union, reaching statehood on February 14, 1912, to coincide with Valentine's Day. Historically part of Alta California territory in New Spain, it became part of an independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the Mexican-American War, Mexico surrendered most of this territory to the United States in 1848 The most the south of the country was acquired in 1853 through the purchase of Gadsden.
Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. Northern Arizona features pine forests, Douglas firs, and cypress trees; Colorado Plateau; some mountains (like the San Francisco Mountains); as well as large deep canyons, with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfall. There are ski resorts in the Flagstaff, Alpine and Tucson areas. In addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments.
About a quarter of the state consists of an Indian reservation that serves as the home of twenty-two native federated American tribes, including the Navajo Nation, the largest in the state and the United States, with more than 300,000 residents. Although federal law gave all Native Americans the right to vote in 1924, Arizona excluded those living on reservations from voting until the country's Supreme Court ruled in 1948 in favor of the Native American plaintiff.
Video Arizona
Etymology
The name of the country seems to be derived from the previous Spanish name, Arizonac, comes from the name of O'odham al? ? onak , meaning "small spring," which was originally applied only to the area near the Planchas de Plata silver mining camp, Sonora. For European settlers, their pronunciation sounds like "Arissona". This area is still known as al? ? onak in the language of O'odham. Another possible origin is the Basque haritz ona ("good oak"), as there are many Basque herders in the area.
There is a misconception that the name of the country comes from the Spanish ÃÆ' rida Zone ("Arid Zone").
Maps Arizona
History
For thousands of years before the modern era, Arizona was home to many Native American tribes. Hohokam, Mogollon and Puebloan Ancestral cultures are among the many that are growing throughout the state. Many of their pueblos, cliff dwellings, rock paintings and other prehistoric treasures have survived, attracting thousands of tourists each year.
The first European contact by the indigenous population was with Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan, in 1539. He explored parts of the country and made contact with the natives, probably Sobaipuri. Spanish explorer Coronado's expedition entered the area in 1540-1542 during his search for CÃÆ'¡bola. Some Spanish settlers migrated to Arizona. One of the first settlers in Arizona was JosÃÆ'Â © Romo de Vivar.
Father Kino is the next European in the region. A member of the Society of Jesus ("Jesuits"), he led the development of a mission chain in the region. He transformed many Indians into Christianity at Pimera Alta (now southern Arizona and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 18th century. Spain founded the presidents in Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775.
When Mexico achieved its independence from the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Spain in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of its Region Nueva California, ("New California"), also known as Alta California ("Top California"). The descendants of the ethnic Spanish and mestizo of the colonial years still live in the area, with much deeper roots than the European-American immigrants from the United States.
During the Mexican-American War (1847-1848), the US Army occupied the national capital of Mexico City and pursued its claim to most of northern Mexico, including the then Arizona Region in 1863 and later the State of Arizona in 1912. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) stated that, in addition to the language and cultural rights of residents of former Mexican citizens who are considered inviolable, the amount of compensation of US $ 15 million (equivalent to $ 424,269,230.77 in 2017.) shall be paid to the Republic of Mexico. In 1853 the US acquired land in the south under the Gila River from Mexico at Gadsden Purchase along the southern border region as it covers the best future southern route for the transcontinental railway.
What is now known as the state of Arizona was originally administered by the United States government as part of the New Mexico Territory until the southern part of the territory broke away from the Union to form the Arizona Region. The newly established territory was officially organized by the state Confederate government on Saturday, 18 January 1862, when President Jefferson Davis approved and signed the Arizona Area Arrangement Act, marking the first official use of the name " Arizona Region ". The Southern Region supplies the Confederate government with men, horses, and equipment. Formed in 1862, Arizona Scout companies served with the State Confederate Army during the Civil War. Arizona had the most western military involvement in records during the Civil War with the Battle of Picacho Pass.
The Federal Government declared the New Territory of Arizona, composed of the western half of the New Mexico Territory earlier, in Washington, D.C., on 24 February 1863. This new boundary would later become the basis of the state. The first territorial capital, Prescott, was founded in 1864 following a gold rush to central Arizona.
Although names including "Gadsonia", "Pimeria", "Montezuma", and "Arizuma" have been considered for the region, when 16th President Abraham Lincoln signed the last bill, it reads "Arizona," and the name was adopted. (Montezuma was not from the Aztec emperor, but was the sacred name of the divine hero for the Pima of the Gila River Basin.) It may be considered - and rejected - because of its sentimental value before Congress set the name "Arizona.")
Brigham Young, the patriarchal leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City in Utah, sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid-19th century. They founded Mesa, Snowflake, Heber, Safford, and other cities. They also settled in the Phoenix Valley (or "Valley of the Sun"), Tempe, Prescott, and other areas. The Mormons settled what became northern Arizona and northern New Mexico. At that time these areas were located in parts of the former New Mexico Territory.
the 20th century to present
During the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, several battles were made in Mexican cities just across the border from the Arizona settlement. Throughout the revolution, many Arizones were enrolled in one of several soldiers fighting in Mexico. Only two important engagements occurred in the US between US and Mexican forces: Pancho Villa 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, and the Battle of Ambos Nogales in 1918 in Arizona. America won the last.
After US troops were shot by Mexican federal troops, American garrison launched an attack on Nogales, Mexico. The Mexicans finally surrendered after both sides suffered heavy casualties. A few months earlier, in western Nogales, an Indian War battle had taken place, regarded the last involvement in the American Indian War, which lasted from 1775 to 1918. US troops stationed on the border were confronted by the Yaqui Indians who used Arizona as a base to attack Mexican settlements in nearby, as part of their war against Mexico.
Arizona became the US state on February 14, 1912. Arizona is the 48th state accepted in the US and the last adjacent state to accept.
The cotton plantations and copper mines, two of Arizona's most important industries, suffered greatly during the Great Depression. But during the 1920s and even 1930s, tourism began to develop as an important Arizonan industry as it is today. Dude ranches, such as K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, give tourists the opportunity to partake in the taste and activities of "Old West". Several high-end hotels and resorts were opened during this period, some of which still attract major tourists. They include the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the western side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936).
Arizona is home to German POW camps during World War II and Japanese-American internment camps. Because of the wartime fears of Japan's invasion of the West Coast, the government allowed the abolition of all Japanese-American inhabitants from western Washington, western Oregon, throughout California, and western Arizona. From 1942 to 1945, they were forced to live in internment camps built in the country's interior. Many are losing their homes and businesses in the process. The camps were abolished after World War II.
The German POW site in the Phoenix area was purchased after the war by the Maytag family (from the fame of major household appliances). It was developed as a Phoenix Zoo site. A Japanese-American internment camp is located on Lemmon Mountain, just outside the southeastern city of Tucson state. The other POW camp is located near the Gila River in the east of Yuma County.
Arizona is also home to the Phoenix Indian School, one of several federal Indian boarding schools designed to assimilate Native American children into a major European-American culture. Children are often enrolled in these schools contrary to the wishes of their parents and families. Attempts to suppress original identities include forcing children to cut their hair, to take and use English names, to speak only English, and to practice Christianity rather than their original religion.
Many Native Americans from Arizona fought for the United States during World War II. Their experience resulted in increased activism in the postwar years to achieve better treatment and civil rights after their return to the country. After Maricopa County did not allow them to register to vote, in 1948 veterans Frank Harrison and Harry Austin, from the Mojave-Apache Tribe at Fort McDowell Indian Reservation, brought a lawsuit, Harrison and Austin v. Laveen,
Arizona's population grew rapidly with housing and business development after World War II, helped by the widespread use of air conditioning, which made hot summers more comfortable. According to the Arizona Blue Book (published by the Arizona State Secretary office annually), the country's population in 1910 was 294,353. In 1970, it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth of every decade averaged about 20% in the previous decade, and about 60% every decade thereafter.
In 1960, the retired community was developed. This is a special age subdivision that specifically caters to the needs of the elderly; they attract many retirees who want to escape the harsh winter in the Midwest and Northeast. Sun City, founded by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960, was one of the first communities. Green Valley, south of Tucson, is another such community, designed as a retirement division for Arizona teachers. Many senior citizens from across the US and Canada come to Arizona every winter and only stay during the winter; they are referred to as snowbirds.
In March 2000, Arizona was the first legally binding electoral site ever held on the internet to nominate a candidate for public office. In 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary, under world attention, Al Gore beat Bill Bradley. The number of voters in the state increased by more than 500% compared to 1996.
Three ships named USS Arizona have been baptized in honor of the country, though only USS Arizona (BB-39) is named so after the state is reached.
Geography and geology
- See also list of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, national forests, and volcanic craters.
Arizona is located in the Southwest United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by region, ranked after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the 113,998 square miles of country (295,000 km 2 ), about 15% is privately owned. The remaining areas are public forests and parklands, state trust land and reservation of Native Americans.
Arizona is famous for its desert basin and area in the southern part of the state, which is rich in xerophyte plant landscapes such as cacti. The topography of this region is formed by prehistoric volcanism, followed by corresponding decreases and declines. The climate has a very hot summer and mild winters. This state is less well known for its pine-covered central north in the highlands of the Colorado Plateau (see Arizona Mountains forest).
Like other states in the Southwest United States, Arizona has many mountains and highlands. Despite the arid state, 27% of Arizona is a forest, a percentage comparable to modern France or Germany. The world's largest ponderosa pine tree stand is in Arizona.
The Mogollon Rim, a steep cliff 1,998 feet (609 m), cuts in the central part of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau. In 2002, this was the area of ​​the Rodeo-Chediski Fire, the worst fire in state history.
Located in northern Arizona, the Grand Canyon is a colorful, deep, steep canyon, carved by the Colorado River. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park - one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt is a major supporter of the designation of the Grand Canyon area as a National Park, frequenting the hunting of mountain lions and enjoying the scenery. This canyon created by the Colorado River cuts channels for millions of years, and about 277 miles (446 km) in length, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6 to 29 km) and reaches depths over 1 mile (1.6 km). Nearly two billion years of Earth's history has been exposed when the Colorado River and its tributaries pierce layer by layer of sediment when the Colorado Plateau is lifted.
Arizona is home to one of the world's most well-preserved meteorite impact sites. Created about 50,000 years ago, Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known as "Meteor Crater") is a giant hole in the middle of the Highlands of Colorado Plateau, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Winslow. The edges of the stones are shattered and jumbled, some of which are small-sized houses, towering 150 feet (46 m) above the surface of the surrounding plains. The crater itself is almost 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 570 feet (170 m).
Arizona is one of two US states that does not observe Daylight Saving Time (the other being Hawaii). The exceptions are within the large Navajo Nation (which observes the Summer Time), in the northeastern region of the state.
The adjacent states
- Utah (north)
- Colorado (northeast)
- Nevada (northwest)
- Sonora, Mexico (south)
- Baja California, Mexico (southwest)
- New Mexico (east)
- California (west)
Climate
Due to its wide and varied altitude, the country has a wide range of local climatic conditions. In the lower plains, the climate is mainly desert, with mild winters and very hot summers. Usually, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging at least 60 ° F (16 ° C). November to February is the coldest month, with temperatures typically ranging from 40 to 75 Â ° F (4 to 24 Â ° C), with occasional snow.
Around mid-February, temperatures begin to rise, with warm days, and cool, cool nights. The summer months of June to September carry dry heat from 90 to 120 ° F (32 to 49 ° C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 125 ° F (52 ° C) that have been observed in the desert areas. Arizona's all-time high record is 128Ã, Â ° F (53Ã, Â ° C) recorded at Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the lowest all-time record of -40 Â ° F (-40 Â ° C) was recorded at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971.
Because the climate is particularly dry, large diurnal temperature variations occur in less developed areas in the desert above 2,500 feet (760 m). The swing can be as big as 83Ã, Â ° F (46Ã, Â ° C) in summer. In the urban centers of the state, the effects of local heating are much higher than at night compared to in the past.
Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 inches (323 mm), which occurs during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during winter and summer rainy seasons. The rainy season occurs towards the end of summer. In July or August, dewpoint rises dramatically for a short period. During this time, air contains vapor in large quantities. Dewpoint as high as 81 Â ° F (27 Â ° C) has been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season. This hot humidity brings lightning, thunderstorms, winds, and torrents, if usually short, heavy rain. This rain often causes flash floods, which can be deadly. In an effort to prevent the driver from crossing the flooded river, the Arizona Legislature imposed a Stupid Motoric Law. Very rare tornadoes or hurricanes in Arizona.
The northern third of Arizona is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has a fairly cold climate, with mild winters and summers, although the climate remains dry to dry. The very cold temperature is unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the states, bringing temperatures below 0 Â ° F (-18 Â ° C) to the northern part of the state.
Indications of variation in climate, Arizona is a country that has both metropolitan areas with most of the day over 100Ã, ° F (38Ã, ° C) (Phoenix), and metropolitan areas in the lower 48 states with most days with low temperatures in below freezing point (Flagstaff).
Demographics
The US Census Bureau estimates that the Arizona population is 7,016,270 on July 1, 2017, a 9.8% increase since the 2010 US Census.
Arizona remained rarely settled for much of the 19th century. The 1860 Census reported the "Arizona County" population of 6,482, of which 4,040 were listed as "Indians", 21 as "colorless", and 2,421 as "white". Arizona's continued population growth puts enormous pressure on the country's water supply. In 2011, 61.3% of Arizona children under age 1 belonged to minority groups.
The metropolitan Phoenix population increased by 45.3% from 1991 to 2001, helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing country in the US in the 1990s (the fastest being Nevada). By July 2017, the Phoenix area population is estimated at more than 4.7 million.
According to the 2010 United States Census, Arizona has a population of 6,392,017. In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted approximately 7.9% of the population. This is the second highest percentage of any country in the US.
Metropolitan Phoenix (4.7 million) and Tucson (1 million) are home to about five-sixths of Arizona people (at the 2010 census). Metro Phoenix alone accounts for two-thirds of the state's population.
Race and ethnicity
In 1980, the Census Bureau reported the Arizona population as 16.2% Hispanic, 5.6% Native Americans, and 74.5% non-Hispanic whites. In 2010, the country's racial makeup was:
- 73.0% White
- 4.6% Native Americans and Native Alaska
- 4.1% Black or African American
- 2.8% Asia
- 0.2% Hawaiian and Pacific Island Other Numbers
- 11.9% of some other races
- 3.4% of two or more races.
Hispanic or Latin of any race comprises 29.6% of the country's population. Non-Hispanic whites make up 57.8% of the total population.
The five largest groups of Arizona's ancestors, as of 2009, are:
- Mexico (27.4%);
- German (16.0%);
- Ireland (10.8%);
- English (10.1%);
- Italian (4.6%).
Language
In 2010, 72.90% (4,215,749) of Arizona residents aged 5 and older spoke English at home as the primary language, while 20.80% (1,202,638) spoke Spanish, 1.48% (85,602) Navajo, 0.39% (22,592) German, 0.39% (22,426) Chinese (including Mandarin), 0.33% (19,015) Tagalog, 0.30% (17.603) Vietnam, 0.27% (15,707 ) Other native North American languages ​​(mainly native to Arizona), and French is used as the primary language by 0.26% (15,062) of the population over the age of five. In total, 27.10% (1,567,548) of the Arizona population aged 5 years and older spoke a mother tongue other than English.
Arizona is home to a large number of Native American speakers in 48 contiguous states, as over 85,000 people report talking Navajo, and 10,403 reported Apache, as a home-use language in 2005. Apache County in Arizona has the highest concentration of speakers Native American Indians in the United States.
City and city
Phoenix, located in Maricopa County, is the capital and largest city of Arizona. Other leading cities in the Phoenix metro area include Mesa (Arizona's third largest city), Chandler (fourth largest city in Arizona), Glendale, Peoria, Buckeye, Sun City, Sun City West, Fountain Hills, Surprise, Gilbert, El Mirage , Avondale, Tempe, Tolleson and Scottsdale, with a total metropolitan population of over 4.3 million. It has an average high temperature of July 106 Â ° F (41 Â ° C), one of the highest of any metropolitan area in the United States, offset by average high temperatures January 67 Â ° F (19 Â ° C), the basis of its winter appeal.
Tucson, with a metro population of over one million, is the country's second largest city. It is located in Pima County, about 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Phoenix. Tucson was founded in 1877, making it the oldest city in Arizona. This is home to the University of Arizona. The main suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana to the northwest of the city, Sahuarita to the south of the city, and South Tucson in a pocket south of the city center. It has an average temperature of July 100 Â ° C (38 Â ° C) and an average winter temperature of 65 Â ° F (18 Â ° C). Saguaro National Park, west of the city in the Tucson Mountains, is home to the largest collection of Saguaro cactus in the world.
The Prescott metropolitan area includes the cities of Prescott, Cottonwood, Camp Verde and many other cities scattered over 8,123 square miles (21,000 km 2 ) from the Yavapai County region. With 212,635 inhabitants, this city group forms the third largest metropolitan area in the state. The city of Prescott (population 41,528) is located about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Nestled in a pine forest at an altitude of about 5,500 feet (1,700 m), Prescott enjoys a much colder climate than Phoenix, with an average summer high of about 88 ° F (31 ° C) and average winter temperatures 50 Â ° F (10 Â ° C).
Yuma is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Arizona. Located in Yuma County, near the border of California and Mexico. It is one of the hottest cities in the United States, with an average July high of 107Ã, Â ° F (42Ã, Â ° C). (The same average month in Death Valley is 115Ã, Â ° F (46Ã, Â ° C).) The city has sunny days about 90% of the year. Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 160,000. Yuma attracts many winter visitors from all over the United States.
Flagstaff, in Coconino County, is the largest city in northern Arizona, and is at an altitude of nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m). With the great Ponderosa pine forests, snowy winter weather and gorgeous mountains, it's a stark contrast to the desert region normally associated with Arizona. It lies at the base of San Francisco Peaks, the highest mountain in the state of Arizona, containing Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m). Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to various tourist attractions including: Grand Canyon National Park, Sedona, and Oak Creek Canyon. The historic US 66 cruise is the main east-west road in town. The Flagstaff metropolitan area is home to 134,421 residents and the main campus of Northern Arizona University.
Lake Havasu City, in Mohave County, known as the "Arizona playground," was developed on the Colorado River and named after Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu has a population of about 53,000. The city is famous for its enormous spring party, sunset and London Bridge, relocated from London, England. Lake Havasu City was founded by real estate developer Robert P. McCulloch in 1963. He has two colleges, Mohave Community College and ASU Colleges in Lake Havasu City.
Religion
In 2010, the Association of Religious Data Archives reported that the three largest denominational groups in Arizona are the Catholic Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants. The Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Arizona (at 930,001), followed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 410,263 reported members and then non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, reported 281,105 adherents. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 836 congregations) followed by the Southern Baptist Convention (with 323 congregations).
According to the Association of Religious Data Archives, the fifteen largest denominations with the number of followers in 2010 and 2000 are:
Regarding non-Christian denominations, Hinduism became the largest non-Christian religion (when combining all denominations) in 2010, with over 32,000 followers in several denominations, followed by Judaism with more than 20,000 in three denominations, and Buddhism with more than 19,000 followers in some denominations.
Economy
The country's total gross product in 2011 was $ 259 billion. This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than countries like Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. The country's economic composition is quite diverse; although health care, transportation and government remain the largest sectors.
Country per capita income is $ 40,828, ranked 39th in the US. The country has an average household income of $ 50,448, making it 22 in the country and just below the US national average. Early in its history, the Arizona economy relied on "five C": copper (see Copper mining in Arizona), cotton, cattle, oranges, and climate (tourism). Copper is still extensively mined from many open pits and extensive underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the country's output.
Jobs
The state government is Arizona's largest company, while Banner Health is the largest private company in the state, with more than 39,000 employees (2016). As of March 2016, the country's unemployment rate was 5.4%.
The top jobs sector in Arizona is (August 2014, excluding agriculture):
Biggest employer
According to The Arizona Republic , the largest private company in the state by 2016 is:
In southern Arizona, the top ten public companies, by 2011, are:
Taxation
Arizona collected personal income taxes in five parentheses: 2.59%, 2.88%, 3.36%, 4.24%, and 4.54%. State transactions privilege tax is 5.6%; however, local and city sales taxes generally add an additional 2%.
The country rate at the temporary lodging (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. The State of Arizona does not levy state taxes on food for home consumption or medicines prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. However, some cities in Arizona are taxing on food for home consumption.
All fifteen Arizona regions levy taxes. The included city also imposes a tax on transaction privileges which, with the exception of their hotel/motel tax, are generally in the range of 1 to 3%. This additional valuation may push the combined sales tax rate to as high as 10.7%.
Transportation
Highway
Interstate highways
I-8 | I-10 | Masa Depan I-11 | I-15 | I-17 | I-19 | I-40
AS. route
US 60 | US $ 64 | US $ 70 | US 89 | US 91 | US 93 | US 95 | US 160 | US $ 163 | USÂ 180 | 191
The major interstate routes including I-17 and I-19 travel north-south, I-8, I-10 and I-40, travel east-west, and the I-15 stretching to the northeast- southwest through the extreme northwest corner of the state. In addition, various urban areas are served by state and highway route network complexes, such as the Loop 101, which is part of the extensive Phoenix expressway system.
Public transport, Amtrak, and intercity bus
Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by the public bus system. Yuma and Flagstaff also have a public bus system. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several small communities across the state.
The light rail system, called Metro Rail Valley, was completed in December 2008; connecting Central Phoenix with the closest towns from Mesa and Tempe.
In Tucson, the Sunway tramway system travels through the city center, connecting the main Arizona University campus with Mercado San Agustin on the western edge of downtown Tucson. Sun Link, loosely based on Portland Streetcar, was launched in July 2014.
The Southwest Chief Southwest Chief route serves the northern part of the state, stopping at Winslow, Flagstaff, Williams and Kingman. The Texas Eagle and Sunset Limited serves the South-Central Arizona route, stopping in Tucson, Maricopa, Yuma and Benson. Phoenix lost the Amtrak service in 1996 with the termination of the Wind Desert , and now the Amtrak bus runs between Phoenix and the station at Maricopa.
Flights
Airports with regularly scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in Mesa; Yuma International Airport (IATA: NYL, ICAO: KNYL) in Yuma; Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC) in Prescott; Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (IATA: FLG, ICAO: KFLG) in Flagstaff, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (IATA: GCN, ICAO: KGCN, FAA: GCN), a small, busy facility, one-runway providing tour great from Las Vegas. Phoenix Sky Harbor is currently the 7th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movement, and 17 for passenger traffic.
Other important airports without scheduled commercial flight schedules include Scottsdale Municipal Airport (IATA: SCF, ICAO: KSDL) in Scottsdale, and Deer Valley Airport (IATA: DVT, ICAO: KDVT, FAA: DVT) venues from two flight training academies and the country's busiest public airport airport.
Law and government
Capitol Complex
The state capital of Arizona is Phoenix. The original Capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was ordained in 1901 (construction completed for $ 136,000 in 1900), when it remained a territory. Phoenix became the official capital with Arizona's acceptance to the union in 1912.
The House of Representatives and Senate was ordained in 1960, and the Executive Office Building was ordained in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Governor's Office is located). The original Capitol building was converted into a museum.
The Capitol complex is manned and highlighted by the wealthy Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, named after Wesley Bolin, a governor who died in office in the 1970s. Many monuments and memorials are on site, including anchor and signal mast from USS Arizona (one of the US Navy ships sinking in Pearl Harbor) and a granite version of the Ten Commandments.
State legislative branch
The Arizona Legislature is a bicameral (like the legislature of every other country except Nebraska) and consists of thirty Senate members and 60 members of the House of Representatives. Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives. The Legislator is elected for a two-year term.
Each Legislature covers a period of two years. The first session after the election is known as the first regular session, and the session held in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session starts on the second Monday in January and dies sinus off (ends for this year) no later than Saturday of week where the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, with the rules, can extend sessions for up to seven additional days. After that, the session can only be extended by the majority of the members who are present in each house.
The current majority party is the Republican Party, which has held power in both assemblies since 1993.
Senators and Arizona state representatives are elected for a two-year term and are limited to four consecutive terms in a room, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is restricted from his post, it is not uncommon for him to run for election in another room.
The 2006-07 general budget, approved by the Arizona Legislature in June 2006, was slightly less than $ 10 billion. In addition to the money spent on state institutions, it also includes more than $ 500 million in income and property tax cuts, salary increases for government employees, and additional funding for the K-12 education system.
Country executive branch
The Arizona executive branch is headed by a governor, elected for a four-year term. The governor may serve a number of terms, though not more than twice in a row. Arizona is one of the few countries that does not maintain a governor's house. During the governor's office live in their private residence, and all the executive offices are placed in executive towers in the state capitol. The current Governor of Arizona is Doug Ducey (R).
Former Governor Jan Brewer took office after Janet Napolitano got his nomination by Barack Obama for the Secretary of Homeland Security confirmed by the United States Senate. Arizona has four female governors, more than any other state.
Other elected executive officers include Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Teaching, State Mining Inspector and five member Commission of Corporations. All elected officials hold a four-year term, and are limited to two consecutive terms (except the State Mines Inspector's office, limited to 4 terms).
Arizona is one of seven countries that do not have a determined lieutenant governor. The Secretary of State is the first in line to succeed the governor in terms of death, disability, resignation, or dismissal from office. Succession lines also include the attorney general, the state treasurer and the inspector of public instruction. Since 1977, four state secretaries and one attorney general have gone up to the post of Arizona governor through these means.
State court
The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in Arizona. The current court consists of one Supreme Court Justice, a Deputy Chief Justice, and three Supreme Court Justices. The judge is appointed by the governor of the list recommended by the bipartisan commission, and re-elected after the first two years after their appointment. The next election takes place every six years. The Supreme Court has an appeal jurisdiction in the case of capital punishment, but almost all other appeals cases have passed to the Arizona High Court before. The court has original jurisdiction in some other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court can also declare unconstitutional law, but only when seated en banc . The court met at the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the Parliament complex (at the south end of Wesley Bolin Plaza).
The Arizona Appeals Court, which is subdivided into two divisions, is a state court in the state. The Phoenix-based First Division, composed of sixteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern states, along with the greater Phoenix area. The Tucson Two Division Two, composed of six judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern states of the country, including the Tucson area. The judge was chosen in a method similar to that used for state supreme judges.
Each county of Arizona has superior courts, sizes and organizations that vary and generally depends on the size of a particular area.
Counties
Arizona is divided into political jurisdictions defined as districts . There are 15 districts in the state, ranging from 1,238 sq miles (3,210 km 2 ) to 18,661 square miles (48,330 km 2 ).
Federal Representation
Two United States senators from Arizona are John McCain (R), Republican Presidential Candidate 2008, and Jeff Flake (R).
At the start of the 115th Congress, Arizona representatives in the House of Representatives of the United States were Tom O'Halleran (D-1), Martha McSally (R-2), Raul Grijalva (D-3), Paul Gosar (R-4), Andy Biggs (R-5), David Schweikert (R-6), Ruben Gallego (D-7), Debbie Lesko (R-8), and Kyrsten Cinema (D-9). Arizona won the ninth seat in the House for redistricting under the 2010 Census.
Political culture
See also: Elections in Arizona, the power of political parties in Arizona
From the state until the late 1940s, Arizona was dominated by the Democratic Party. During this time period, Democratic candidates for the presidency brought their respective electoral states, with the only exception being the 1920, 1924 and 1928 elections - all three of which were national Republican landslides.
In 1924 Congress passed a law granting citizenship and voting rights to all Native Americans, some of whom had previously been excluded as tribal members on the reservation. The interpretation of Arizona's constitutional law prohibits Native Americans living on reservations from voting, classifying them as being under "guardianship." This interpretation was overthrown as incorrect and unconstitutional in 1948 by the Arizona Supreme Court, following a lawsuit by Indian veterans of World War II Frank Harrison and Harry Austin, both Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation. The landmark case is Harrison and Austin v. Laveen. After the people refused the opportunity to register in Maricopa District, they filed a lawsuit against the registrar. The American National Congress of Indians, the Department of Justice, the Department of Internal Affairs, and the American Civil Liberties Society, all filed the amicus curiae (court mates) in the case. The Supreme Court of the State assigns Native Americans the right to vote in the state; at the time, they made up about 11% of the population. That year, similar provisions were dropped in New Mexico when challenged by other Indian veterans in court. These are the two countries that continue to forbid Native Americans to vote.
Since the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, the majority of the country's voters preferred Republicans in presidential elections. Arizona voted Republican in every presidential election from 1952 to 1992, with Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan winning the country with a huge margin. Over the course of this forty-year span, it is the only country not taken by the Democrats at least once.
Democrat Lyndon Johnson, in 1964, lost the country with less than 5,000 votes to the original Arizona Senator and Barry Goldwater. (This is the most contested country in what was declared a landslide victory for Johnson that year.) Democrat Bill Clinton ended the barrage in 1996, when he won Arizona by just over two percentage points (Clinton had previously come in less than two percent won the Arizona voter vote in 1992). Since then, the majority of countries continue to support Republican presidential candidates with solid margins.
Since the end of the 20th century, the Republican Party has also dominated Arizona's politics in general. The rapidly growing outskirts of Phoenix and Tucson have become more friendly to Republicans since the 1950s and beyond. During this time, many "Pinto Democrats," or conservative Democrats from rural areas, became increasingly willing to support Republicans at state and national levels. While the state usually supports Republicans at the federal level, Democrats often compete in state-wide elections. Two of the last five governors are Democrats.
On March 4, 2008, Senator John McCain effectively won a Republican nomination for 2008, becoming the country's first presidential candidate since Barry Goldwater in 1964.
Arizona's politics is dominated by long-standing rivalries between its two largest nations, Maricopa and Pima - Phoenix and Tucson dwellings. Both districts have nearly 75 percent of the state population and account for nearly 80 percent of the country's votes. They also chose the overwhelming majority of state legislatures.
The Maricopa Regency is home to nearly 60 percent of the country's population, and most of the country's elected officials live there. It has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1948. This included 1964 indigenous son Barry Goldwater; he will not bring his country of origin without a 20,000 vote margin in Maricopa County. Similarly, while McCain won Arizona by eight percentage points in 2008, aided by 130,000 votes in Maricopa County.
In contrast, Pima County, home to Tucson, and much of southern Arizona have historically preferred Democrats. While Tucson's suburbs rely on the Republic, they maintain a slightly more moderate Republican brand than is common in the Phoenix area.
Arizona rejects same-sex marriage ban in the referendum as part of the 2006 election. Arizona is the first state in the country to do so. Same-sex marriage is not recognized in Arizona, but this amendment would deny legal or financial benefits to unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples. In 2008, Arizona voters passed Proposition 102, an amendment to the country's constitution to define marriage as a union between one man and one woman. It is authorized by a narrow majority rather than a similar vote in a number of other countries.
In 2010, Arizona passed the SB 1070, the so-called heaviest illegal immigration law in the country. Fierce debate erupted between supporters and opponents of the law.
The United States Supreme Court heard the argument of March 18, 2013, regarding the validity of Arizona law, which requires individuals to show documents proving U.S. citizenship to register to vote in national elections.
same-sex marriage and Civil Society
In 2006, Arizona became the first state in the United States to reject the proposition, Prop 107, which would ban same-sex marriages and civil unions. However, in 2008, Arizona voters approved Prop 102, a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. Before a legitimate marriage of the same kind, Bisbee City became the first jurisdiction in Arizona to approve a civil union. Attorney General of the country at the time, Tom Horne, threatened to sue, but canceled the threat after Bisbee changed the rules; Bisbee approved a civil union in 2013. The municipalities of Clarkdale, Cottonwood, Jerome, Sedona, and Tucson also passed civil unions.
The Public Policy Poll survey in November 2011 found that 44% of voters in Arizona supported same-sex marriage legislation, while 45% opposed it and 12% were unsure. A separate question in the same survey found that 72% of respondents supported the same-sex law recognition, with 40% supporting same-sex marriage, 32% supporting civil unions, 27% opposing all legal recognition and 1% unsure. Arizona Proposition 102, known by its supporters as the Amendment to Marriage Protection, emerged as a constitutional amendment ratified by the legislature at the November 4, 2008 ballot in Arizona, where it was approved: 56.2% -43%. This changed the Arizona Constitution to define marriage as between one male and one female.
On October 17, 2014, Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne announced that his office would no longer object to same-sex marriage, in response to a US District Court ruling on Arizona Proposition 102. On that day, the Registrar of each High Court area began to issue a marriage license same-sex, and Arizona became the 31st state to legalize same-sex marriage.
Education
Primary and secondary education
Public schools in Arizona are separated into approximately 220 local school districts operating independently, but are organized in many cases by elected district heads; this is in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education (the division of the Arizona Department of Education) and the State Inspector of Public Instruction (elected in partisan elections every year even when there is no presidential election, for four - time period). In 2005, the School District Expansion Commission was established with the aim of combining and consolidating many of these districts.
Higher education
Arizona is served by three public universities: the University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. These schools are governed by the Board of Regents of Arizona.
Private higher education in Arizona is dominated by a large number of "nonprofit" and "multi-site" universities.
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott and Prescott College is the only four-year non-profit private college in Arizona.
Arizona has a vast network of vocational schools and two-year community schools. These colleges were organized historically by separate state Boards of Directors but, in 2002, the state legislature transferred almost all supervisory authorities to the individual community college districts. The Maricopa County Community College District includes 11 community colleges throughout Maricopa County and is one of the largest in the country.
Public university in Arizona
- Arizona State University, (Sun Devils) Tempe/Phoenix/Mesa
- Northern Arizona University, (Lumberjacks) Flagstaff/Yuma/Prescott
- University of Arizona, (Wildcats) Tucson/Sierra Vista, campus M.D. in downtown Phoenix and UA Agricultural Center in Yuma/Maricopa.
Arizona private universities and universities
Community college
Art and culture
Visual art and museum
The Phoenix Art Museum, located in the historic Central Avenue corridor in Phoenix, is the largest collection of visual art in the Southwest from around the world. The museum features an international exhibit alongside a collection of over 18,000 American art museums, Asian, European, Latin American, Western American, modern and contemporary, and fashion designs. With community education mandates since 1951, the Phoenix Art Museum hosts year-round festival programs, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The museum also has PhxArtKids, an interactive room for children; photography exhibition through museum partnership with Creative Photography Center; Sculpture Sculpture Garden and dining at Arcadia Farms.
Arizona is a recognized center of native American art, with a number of galleries featuring historical and contemporary works. The Heard Museum, also located in Phoenix, is a genuine American art warehouse. Some of the signature exhibits include the full Navajo hogan, the Allen All Napoleon Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hori kachina dolls, and exhibits on the experience of Native American 19th-century boarding school. The Heard Museum has about 250,000 visitors per year.
Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are known as novice artist colonies, and small art scenes exist in major cities and near state universities.
Movies
Some great Hollywood movies, such as Billy Jack , Turn U , Waiting for Exhale , Just One of Men , < i> Can not Buy Me Like , Bill & amp; Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Scorpion King, The Banger Sisters Used Cars , and Raising Arizona has been made there (like many westerners). The 1993 science fiction film Fire in the Sky , based on alien abductions reported in the town of Snowflake, is set in Snowflakes. It was filmed in the Oregon cities of Oakland, Roseburg, and Sutherlin.
The 1974 Alice Does not Live Here Anymore film, where Ellen Burstyn won an Academy Award for Best Actress, and also starred Kris Kristofferson, founded in Tucson. The climax of Clint Eastwood 1977 The Gauntlet takes place in downtown Phoenix. The last segment of the 1984 film Starman took place at Kawah Meteor outside Winslow. The comedy documentary Jeff Foxworthy's Blue Collar Comedy Tour was filmed almost entirely at Dodge Theater. Some classic Alfred Hitchcock Psycho is taken in Phoenix, the home town of the main character.
Some of the television shows that were filmed or organized in Arizona included The New Dick Van Dyke Show, Alice , The First 48 , Insomniac with Dave Attell , Cops , and America's Most Wanted . The TV comedy show Alice , based on the movie is set in Phoenix. Twilight has a section set in Phoenix at the beginning and end of the movie.
Music
Arizona is prominently featured in the lyrics of many Country and Western songs, such as Jamie O'Neal's hit song "There Is No Arizona". George Strait's "Oceanfront Property" uses "ocean front properties in Arizona" as a metaphor for the sucker's proposition. The line "see you in Arizona Bay" is used in the Tools song in reference to the possibilities (expressed as hopes by comedian Bill Hicks) that Southern California will one day fall overboard. Glen Campbell, a famous resident, popularized the song "By The Time I Get To Phoenix".
"Arizona" is the title of a popular song recorded by Mark Lindsay. Arizona is mentioned by the hit song "Take It Easy", written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and performed by the Eagles. Arizona is also mentioned in the song The Beatles "Get Back", credited to John Lennon and Paul McCartney; McCartney sang: "JoJo left his home in Tucson, Arizona, for some California grass." "Carefree Highway", released in 1974 by Gordon Lightfoot, takes its name from Arizona State Route 74 in northern Phoenix.
The stream of Arizona beginner music is aided by emerging bands, as well as some famous artists. Gin Blossoms, Chronic Future, Roger Clyne and Peacemakers, Jimmy Eat World, Caroline's Spine, and others began their careers in Arizona. Also, a number of punk and rock bands started in Arizona, including JFA, The Feederz, Sun City Girls, The Meat Puppets, The Maine, The Summer Set, and recently Authority Zero and Digital Summer.
Arizona also has many other singers and musicians. Singer, songwriter, and guitarist Michelle Branch are from Sedona. The late Chester Bennington, former vocalist of Linkin Park, and mash-up artist DJ Z-Trip are both from Phoenix. One of Arizona's famous musicians is a surprise rocker Alice Cooper, who helps define the genre. Maynard James Keenan, lead singer of the band Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer, calls the city of Cornville as his current home.
Other famous singers include country singers Dierks Bentley and Marty Robbins, folk singers Katie Lee, Fleetwood Mac Stevie Nicks, CeCe Peniston, Rex Allen, 2007 Idol Winner Jordin Sparks and Linda Ronstadt.
Arizona is also known for the heavy metal scene, centering in and around Phoenix. In the early to mid-1990s, it included bands such as Job for a Cowboy, Knights of the Abyss, Greeley Plantation, Eyes Set To Kill, blessthefall, The Word Alive, The Dead Rabbitts, and Abigail Williams. The Soulfly Band calls the Phoenix and Megadeth homes live in Phoenix for about a decade. Beginning in and around 2009, Phoenix began hosting an expanding desert rock and underground metal mud, (aka 'Kyuss in the 1990s California) led by bands such as Winter Wolf, Asimov and Dead Canyon.
American composer Elliott Carter composed his first String Quartet (1950-51) on sabbatical (from New York) in Arizona. The Quartet won the Pulitzer Prize and other awards and is now a staple of the string quartet repertoire.
Sports
Professional sports teams in Arizona include:
The University of Phoenix Stadium hosted the Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, and the Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015.
Due to the large number of golf courses, Arizona is home to several stops on the PGA Tour, especially the Phoenix Open, held at TPC of Scottsdale, and the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championships at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Club in Marana.
Automotive racing is another sport known in the state. Phoenix International Raceway at Avondale is home to NASCAR racing weekend twice a year. Firebird International Raceway near Chandler is home to drag races and other motorsport events.
College sports
Sports colleges are also prevalent in Arizona. The Arizona State Sun Devils and Wildcats Arizona belong to the Pac-12 Conference while Northern Arizona Lumberjacks compete in the Big Sky Conference and the Grand Canyon Antelopes compete in the Western Athletic Conference. Competition between Arizona State Sun Devils and Arizona Wildcats precedes the state of Arizona, and is the oldest competition in the NCAA. The Territorial Cup, first given in 1889 and certified as the oldest trophy in college football, was awarded to the winners of the annual football match between the two schools.
Arizona also hosts several campus basketball games. The Fiesta Bowl, originally held at the Sun Devil Stadium, is now held at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. The Fiesta Bowl is part of the new College Football Playoff (CFP). The University of Phoenix Stadium is also home to the BCS 2007 and 2011 National Championship Matches.
Baseball
Arizona is a popular location for Major League Baseball spring training, as this is the location of the Cactus League. Spring training first began in Arizona in 1947, when Veeck Brewers owner sold it in 1945 but then bought Indian Cleveland in 1946. He decided to train Indian Cleveland in Tucson and convince the New York Giants to try Phoenix. Thus the Cactus League was born.
On March 9, 1995, Arizona was awarded a franchise to start playing for the 1998 season. The $ 130 million franchise fee was paid to Major League Baseball and on January 16, 1997, Diamondback was officially elected to the National League.
Since their debut, Diamondbacks have won five Western League titles, a banner of the National League Championship, and the 2001 World Series.
Miscellaneous topics
Famous people
Some of the famous Arizon people who are involved in politics and government include:
- Former Arizona Governor Jan Brewer
- Former United States General Surgeon Richard Carmona
- Former American Transport Minister Mary Peters
- Former Supreme Court Judge Sandra Day O'Connor
- Former Chief Justice William Rehnquist
- Former US Senator Dennis DeConcini
- Former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio
- Former Sheriff Graham County Richard Mack
- President of the National Education Association Dennis Van Roekel
- Junior Republican Senator Jon Kyl, former Whip Minority Senate.
- Presidential Candidates (2000, 2008) and Senior Senator John McCain
- Presidential Candidate (1964) and former US Senator Barry Goldwater
- Former Governor, Minister of Home Affairs, and Presidential Candidate (1988) Bruce Babbitt
- Presidential Candidate (1976) and former Arizona Congressman Mo Udall and his brother Interior Secretary Stewart Udall
- Former US Senator Carl Hayden
- Former United States Attorney Rex E. Lee.
- Former Governor and Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama Administration Janet Napolitano
- Former State Senator Jack Taylor also served as mayor of Mesa and for a period of two years as a member of the Arizona Representative Council.
Arizona figures in dala
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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